Chapter 6 - Skeletal System

Question 0

Osteology

Answer 0

Study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders

Question 1

Each bone is an organ. List the tissues of which it is composed.

Answer 1

Bone tissue
Cartilage
Dense connective tissue
Epithelium
Blood-forming tissue
Adipose tissue
Nerve tissue

Question 2

List the functions of bone and the skeletal system

Answer 2

Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage

Question 3

List the types of bones

Answer 3

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

Question 4

List the four types of cells in bone tissue

Answer 4

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 5

Osteogenic

Answer 5

Unspecialized stem cells that undergo cell division to create osteoblasts

Question 6

Osteoblasts

Answer 6

Bone-building cells; synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build extra cellular matrix

Question 7

Osteocytes

Answer 7

Mature bone cells
Main cells in bone tissue
Maintain the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood

Question 8

Osteoclasts

Answer 8

Huge cells that release enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of bone; responsible for resorption

Question 9

Resorption

Answer 9

The breakdown of bone extra cellular matrix

Question 10

Compact bone

Answer 10

Structural units called osteons
Concentric lamellae
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Perforating canals

Question 11

Osteons

Answer 11

Longitudinal to the bone

Contain a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Question 12

Concentric lamellae

Answer 12

Rings of hard, calcified extra cellular matrix around the canals

Question 13

Canaliculi

Answer 13

Small channels radiating from the lacunae - filled with extra cellular fluid

Question 14

Perforating canals

Answer 14

Allows blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum to penetrate compact bone transversely

Question 15

Spongy bone

Answer 15

Trabeculae - irregular “lattice-work” of thin columns of bone
Between trabeculae, the bone is filled with red bone marrow
Contains concentric lamellae, osteocytes that lie in lacunae, and canaliculi radiating from lacunae
Only site of red bone marrow in adults

Question 16

Ossification

Answer 16

Bone formation

1) initial formation - embryo/fetus
2) growth of bones - infancy/childhood
3) remodeling - everyday replacement of old bone
4) repair of fractures

Question 17

Initial bone formation

Mesenchyme

Answer 17

Mesh work of embryonic connective tissue shaped like bones
Continues ossification a during the 6th week of embryonic development
- intramembranous ossification - bone forms directly within mesenchyme
Or - endochondral ossification - bone forms within hyaline cartilage from mesenchyme

Question 18

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 18

Relates to bone length

Question 19

Perichondrium

Answer 19

Produces bone thickness

Cells within the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts

Question 20

Bone resorption vs bone deposition

Answer 20

Removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone vs addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone

Question 21

Types of fractures

Answer 21

Partial (crack)
Complete (bone broken into two or more pieces
Closed/simple - (no broken skin)
Open/compound (broken through skin)

Question 22

Cells to repair a fracture

Answer 22

Phagocytes

Chondroblasts

Question 23

Phagocytes

Answer 23

Remove dead bone tissue - engulf and dissolve

Question 24

Chondroblasts

Answer 24

Forms fibrocartilage bridging the broken ends of bone

Fibrocartilage is then converted to spongy bone tissue by osteoblasts

Question 25

Factors of bone formation

Answer 25

• adequate vitamins (a,c,d) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium)
• hormones (androgens, estrogens, hGh)

*****weight bearing exercise!! Need to tell the bone to place those vitamins and minerals in the bone!!

Question 26

Demineralization

Answer 26

Loss of bone minerals