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4. BIOL257 > Nervous system overview II > Flashcards

Nervous system overview II Flashcards

1
Q

hindbrain: consists of

A
  • pons
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
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2
Q

metencephalon: general features

A
  • aka cerebellum
  • 10% of volume of entire brain
  • 80% of neurons in brain
  • ‘silent area’ direct electrical stimulation causes no sensation and few motor outputs
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3
Q

metencephalon: function

A
  • controls balance and posture (from inputs from vestibular system, proprioceptors)
  • coordinates timing and force of muscles groups during voluntary movements
  • ‘guidance system’ error detector to continuous refine motor output during task
  • helps in motor learning
  • controls eye movements: part of verstibulooocular reflex (VOR)
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4
Q

eg. lack of cerebellum

A
  • 9 cases recorded, most patients die young
  • CT scan showed lack of cerebellum
  • dizziness, nausea, moderate motor impairment (walking) and mild speech problems (delayed speech development)
  • cerebellar functions may have been taken over by cortex
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5
Q

brainstem: name areas

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain
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6
Q

brainstem: function

A

controls numerous essential functions:

  • heart rate
  • breathing
  • sleeping
  • eating
  • consciousness/ alertness
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7
Q

brainstem: primary motor/ sensory innervation of face and neck

A
  • via cranial nerves

- 10 arise from the brainstem

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8
Q

metencephalon: function

A
  • aka pons
  • relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum
  • nuclei for efferent fibres CN V - VIII
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9
Q

metencephalon: nuclei deal primarily with

A
  • sleep, bladder control respiration
  • hearing, equilibrium, posture, eye movements
  • taste, swallowing, fascial expressions, facial sensation
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10
Q

metencephalon: pontine respiratory centres and name centres

A
  • essential for regulation of respiration
  • modulate respiratory nuclei in medulla
  • pneumotaxic centre
  • apneustic centre
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11
Q

metencephalon: pneumotaxic centre

A
  • controls rate of breathing through rhythmic bursts of activity
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12
Q

metencephalon: apneustic centre

A
  • controls depth of breathing

- works w pneumotaxic centre to ensure ventilation is smooth and coordinated

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13
Q

myelencephalon: general function

A
  • aka medulla oblongata
  • controls many autonomic functions essential for life
  • eg. cardiovascular and respiratory systems
  • rhythmic cycle of breathing originates in medulla
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14
Q

myelencephalon: breathing- chemoreceptors

A
  • medulla

- monitor blood pressure, CO2, pH

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15
Q

myelencephalon: breathing- dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A
  • medulla
  • inhalation
  • control rhythm of breathing (pacemaker cells)
  • send impulses to motor nerves innervating diaphragm and intercostal mm
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16
Q

myelencephalon: breathing- ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A
  • medulla
  • inhalation and exhalation
  • sends impulses to motor nerves innervating throat, diaphragm, intercostal and ab mm
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17
Q

myelencephalon: breathing- DRG/ VRG activity modified by

A
  • medulla

respiratory centres in the pons

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18
Q

myelencephalon: nuclei for

A
  • medulla

- efferent fibres CN VIII - XII

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19
Q

myelencephalon: assists in control of muscle tone, balance, posture

A
  • medulla
  • vestibula nuclei (rostral medualla) - caudal pons
  • receive inputs regarding balance and spatial orientation from cerebellum and vestibular apparatus in inner ear (via CN VIII)
  • sends signals to motor neurons controlling leg mm, and muscles of head, eyes, neck, trunk, proximal limbs
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20
Q

mesencephalon: tectum features

A
  • midbrain
  • superior colliculi
  • inferior colliculi
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21
Q

mesencephalon: tectum superior colliculi (SC)

A
  • receive visual input from thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)
  • coordinates eye movements
  • orientation of eyes and head
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22
Q

mesencephalon: tectum inferior colliculi (IC)

A
  • receive auditory input from thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus)
  • auditory signal integration
  • frequency recognition
  • pitch discrimination
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23
Q

SC + IC =

A

corpora quadrigemina

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24
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum name parts

A
  • midbrain tegmentum
  • pontine tegmentum
  • medullary tegmentum
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25
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- midbrain tegmentum general features

A
  • red nucleus
  • substantia nigra
  • ventral tegmental area
  • periaqueductal grey matter
  • nuclei of CN III and IV
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26
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- midbrain tegmentum red nucleus

A
  • motor coordination of shoulders/ upper arms
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27
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- midbrain tegmentum substantia nigra

A
  • movement planning
  • eye movements
  • reward seeking
  • addiction
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28
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- midbrain tegmentum ventral tegmental area

A
  • dopaminergic neurons
  • reward
  • pleasure
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29
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- midbrain tegmentum periaqueductal grey matter

A
  • controls basic movement sequences involved in fighting, mating, descending pain modulation
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30
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- pontine tegmentum

A

nuclei of CN V to VIII

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31
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- medullary tegmentum

A

nuclei of CN IX, X, XII

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32
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- what is the reticular formation

A
  • network of ‘reticular nuclei’ on each side of tegmentum (midbrain, pons, medulla)
  • part of reticular activating system (RAS) or ascending around system
  • critical for maintaining ‘alert wakefulness; and controlling sleep-wake transitions
  • helps to promotes cortical ‘alertness’ and direct attention to specific events
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33
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- reticular formation receives input from

A
  • cerebral cortex, cerebellum, vestibular nuclei, ascending (sensory) fibres of spinal cord
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34
Q

mesencephalon: tegmentum- reticular formation projects to and importance

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus (diencephalon)
  • telencephalon
  • making areas more receptive to signals comings from other pathways
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35
Q

cranial nerves: features

A
  • 12 cranial nerves (CN) give sensory and motor function to head and neck
  • some involved in autonomic control (eg. vagus CN X)
  • 10 arise from nuclei in midbrain and hindbrain (pons and medulla)
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36
Q

cranial nerves: mnemonic

A

oh oh oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, ah heaven

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37
Q

diencephalon: name main structures

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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38
Q

diencephalon: function

A
  • integrates sensory info and motor commands

- regulates autonomic functions, emotions

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39
Q

thalamus: features

A
  • midline, symmetrical structure

- comprises multiple nuclei

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40
Q

thalamus: function

A
  • relays all sensory (afferent) input to cortex (exc olfaction)
  • regulate consciousness, sleep, alertness
  • relays info from cerebellum and basal ganglia -> motor cortex to coordinate movement
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41
Q

thalamic nuclei: name 3 groups

A
  • relay nuclei
  • association nuclei
  • ‘nonspecific’ nuclei
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42
Q

thalamic nuclei: relay nuclei function

A 
process signals coming from:
- periphery (sensory afferents),
- basal ganglia,
- cerebellum (motor pathways) 
 and relays to cortex
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43
Q

thalamic nuclei: relay nuclei eg

A

relay: ventral nuclei, medial/ lateral geniculate nuclei

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44
Q

thalamic nuclei: association nuclei

A

connect areas of cortex w each other

  • eg. control eye movements and attending to visual stimuli
  • connect limbic areas involved in emotions and autonomic regulation
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45
Q

thalamic nuclei: association nuclei eg.

A

association: pulvinar, dorsal nuclei

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46
Q

thalamic nuclei: nonspecific nuclei

A

receive input from other thalamic nuclei, cortex and brainstem
- influence arousal, alertness and sleep (ARAS)

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47
Q

thalamic nuclei: nonspecific nuclei eg.

A

nonspecific: reticular nucleus

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48
Q

hypothalamus: function

A
  • responds to int/ext environmental changes detected by somatic sensory/ visceral sensory fibres
  • important component of limbic system (esp generating visceral response to emotional stimuli)
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49
Q

hypothalamus: regulates

A

numerous autonomic functions and this critical for maintaining homeostasis

50
Q

hypothalamus: provides link btw

A

nervous and endocrine systems (pituitary gland)

- regulates endocrine system

51
Q

hypothalamus: how many nuclei

52
Q

epithalamus: consists of

A
  • habenula
  • stria medullaris
  • pineal gland
53
Q

epithalamus: habenula

A
  • implicated in anxiety,
  • stress,
  • pain,
  • avoidance learning,
  • attention,
  • negative reward signals (inhibits dopaminergic neurons)
  • psychosis
54
Q

epithalamus: stria medullaris

A
  • fibre bundle that connects hypothalamus to habenula
55
Q

epithalamus: pineal gland

A
  • small endocrine gland that secretes melatonin

- essential for maintaining regular sleep-wake cycles (ie. circadian rhythms)

56
Q

cerebrum: general features

A

2 cerebral hemispheres consisting of:

  • cerebral cortex
  • subcortical (deep) structures
  • white matter tracts
57
Q

cerebrum: name 3 types of subcortical (deep) structures

A
  • limbic structures
  • basal ganglia
  • olfactory bulb
58
Q

cerebrum: list limbic structures

A
  • hippocampus

- amygdala

59
Q

cerebrum: list basal ganglia

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
60
Q

list main central lobes of cerebrum:

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
61
Q

limbic lobe: features

A
  • arc-shaped region of cortex on medial surface of each hemisphere
  • collection of limbic structures in forebrain and midbrain
62
Q

limbic lobe: function

A
  • emotion
  • behaviour
  • motivation (reward)
  • memory
  • olfaction (via olfactory bulb)
63
Q

what are basal nuclei:

A

large masses of grey matter deep within cerebral hemispheres

64
Q

basal nuclei: function

A
  • subcortical nuclei that communicate w areas of cortex, thalamus, brainstem
65
Q

basal nuclei: forms circuits

A
  • form circuits that influence emotions, motivation, memory, cognition and motor function
66
Q

basal nuclei: consists of

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
67
Q

basal nuclei: caudate function

A
  • learning, storing/processing memories, language comprehension
  • motor coordination
  • emotions (love?), OCD
68
Q

basal nuclei: putamen function

A
  • works w caudate and globus pallidus to coordinate limb movements
  • implicated in perception of hate, contempt, disgust
69
Q

basal nuclei: globus pallidus (GP) function

A

regulation of movement: inhibitory action that balances excitatory action of cerebellum

  • connected to other basal nucleus (subthalamic nucleus- STN)
  • GP and STN work together to create pacemaker circuits that control rhythmic activities involved in motor function
70
Q

GP and STN targets for:

A

deep brain stimulation therapy

- for treating Parkinson’s disease, reduces muscle tremors

71
Q

what is limbic system:

A

collection of structures from forebrain (telencephalon, diencephalon) and midbrain (mesencephalon)

72
Q

limbic system: responsible for

A
  • learning/ long term memory
  • processing of emotions
  • behaviour, mood, motivation
73
Q

limbic system: telencephalic structures include

A
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parahippocampus gyrus
74
Q

limbic system: diencephalic structures include

A
  • thalamus

- hypothalamus

75
Q

limbic system: hippocampus function

A

essential for learning, memory, navigation (spatial awareness)

76
Q

limbic system: amygdala function

A

formation/ storage of memories associated w emotional events (rage, fear, anxiety)

77
Q

limbic system: cingulate gyrus function

A
  • emotion

- memory

78
Q

limbic system: parahippocampus gyrus function

A
  • memory encoding and retrieval
79
Q

limbic system: thalamus function

A

processes and relays sensory info

80
Q

limbic system: hypothalamus function

A

visceral responses to emotional stimuli (sexual, anger, aggression)

81
Q

telencephalon- white matter: consists of

A

neuronal fibres (axons)

82
Q

telencephalon- white matter: classified into 3 groups

A
  • commissural fibres
  • association fibres
  • projection fibres
83
Q

telencephalon- white matter: commissural fibres

A

make connections btw L and R hemispheres

84
Q

telencephalon- white matter: association fibres

A

interconnect areas of cortex within SAME hemisphere

85
Q

telencephalon- white matter: projection fibres

A

travel to and from cortex

86
Q

telencephalon- white matter: commissural fibres eg.

A

corpus callosum

87
Q

corpus callosum:

A
  • largest fibre bundle/ tract in human brain

- transfers motor, sensory, cognitive info btw hemispheres

88
Q

telencephalon- white matter: association fibres types

A
  • arcuate fibres

- longitudinal fasciculi

89
Q

telencephalon- white matter: arcuate fibres

A

short association fibres that connect adjacent cortical gyri

90
Q

telencephalon- white matter: longitudinal fasciculi

A

longer association fibres that connect frontal lobe to other lobes

91
Q

telencephalon- white matter: longitudinal fasciculi eg.

A
  • ext capsule: numerous cortico-cortical association fibres
  • extreme capsule: interconnects areas of cortex involved in speech production (Broca’s area) and language understanding (Wernicke’s area)
92
Q

telencephalon- white matter: projection fibres types and eg.

A
  • ascending (afferent) fibres

- descending (efferent) fibres (eg. axons of cortical pyramidal cells)

93
Q

telencephalon- white matter: where do these projection fibres come from

A
  • all parts of cortex in corona radiata

- converge into compact bundle (tract) called internal capsule

94
Q

cerebral cortex: gross anatomy features

A
  • outermost portion of brain

highly convoluted:

  • sulci (grooves)
  • gyri (ridges)
95
Q

cerebral cortex: neuroanatomy features

A
  • thin layer of grey matter
  • neurons organised into functional units (cortical columns)
  • each column segregated into layers (laminae)
96
Q

cerebral cortex: cortical columns specialised

A

to process specific inputs or outputs

97
Q

cerebral cortex: name 3 divisions based on histological appearance

A
  • neocortex
  • paleocortex
  • archicortex
98
Q

cerebral cortex: neocortex

A
  • most of cortex

- 6 layers

99
Q

cerebral cortex: paleocortex

A
  • olfactory bulb

- 3 layers

100
Q

cerebral cortex: archicortex

A
  • hippocampus

- 3-4 layers

101
Q

cerebral cortex: 2 main types of neurons

A
  • pyramidal

- stellate (granular)

102
Q

cerebral cortex: pyramidal neurons

A
  • layers III and V
  • large dendritic trees: contact many other neurons
  • axons project out of cortex into other regions of brain and spinal cord= main output cells of cortex (projection neurons)
103
Q

cerebral cortex: stellate (granular) neurons

A
  • layers II and IV
  • shorter axons and dendritic trees that remain within cortex
  • main interneurons of cortex (association neurons)
104
Q

cerebral cortex: how many distinct cortical areas based on distribution of cells in each layer

A

52 cortical areas

105
Q

cerebral cortex: cells in primary motor cortex

A
  • large no. pyramidal neurons that project into brainstem and spinal cord (corticospinal tract)
  • relatively few stellate neurons
106
Q

cerebral cortex: cells in primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • many stellate neurons that process sensory info

- relatively few pyramidal neurons

107
Q

morphological/ functional complexity of pyramidal cells increase from: and thus

A
  • post to ant brain regions = increase in complexity of info processing occurring in those regions
108
Q

cerebral cortex: general functions

A
  • cortex subdivided into areas specialised for specific functions
  • each cerebral hemisphere concerned w sensory and motor functions of OPPOSITE side of body
109
Q

cerebral cortex: lateralisation

A

some functions present predominantly in one cerebral hemisphere

110
Q

cerebral cortex: name primary cortices

A
  • primary sensory cortex

- primary motor cortex

111
Q

cerebral cortex: primary sensory cortex and eg.

A
  • processes low level sensory info

- eg. primary visual cortex

112
Q

cerebral cortex: primary motor cortex

A

main source of outputs to somatic motor systems

113
Q

cerebral cortex: association cortices function

A
  • distributed neural networks that combine info and commands from different cortical and subcortical areas
  • performs higher order (more complex) analytical functions and produce meaningful perceptual experience
  • largely responsible for cognitive processes that occur btw receipt of sensory info and generation of behaviours
114
Q

cerebral cortex: association cortices name 2 types

A
  • unimodal

- poly/multimodal

115
Q

cerebral cortex: unimodal association cortices

A
  • deals w info primarily from one sensory system/ or primary sensory cortex
116
Q

cerebral cortex: polymodal association cortices

A
  • receives different types of sensory input as well as input from other brain areas including cortex, diencephalon, brainstem
117
Q

cerebral cortex: unimodal eg.

A
  • visual association area
  • somatosensory association area
  • motor association area
118
Q

cerebral cortex: polymodal eg.

A

prefrontal cortex

119
Q

cerebral cortex: visual association area function

A
  • aka occipital lobe

- responds to specific objects (eg. shapes, faces)

120
Q

cerebral cortex: somatosensory association area function

A
  • aka parietal lobe

- uses somatic sensory input received by somatic cortex to interpret size, form, texture

121
Q

cerebral cortex: motor association area function

A
  • aka promotor cortex; frontal lobe

- plans and coordinate movement involving different mm groups

122
Q

cerebral cortex: prefrontal cortex

A
  • aka front lobe
  • enables you to predict consequences of different behaviours, plan future behaviours and perform abstract thought; seat of personality

4. BIOL257 (18 decks)

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