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4. BIOL257 > Nervous system overview I > Flashcards

Nervous system overview I Flashcards

1
Q

list two types of nervous systems:

A
  • central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

CNS: features

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS: features

A
  • all nervous tissue outside CNS
  • somatic nervous system (SNS)
  • autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  • enteric nervous system (ENS)
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4
Q

somatic nervous system: general features

A
  • voluntary somatic motor neurons -> skeletal mm
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5
Q

autonomic nervous system: general features

A
  • involuntary autonomic motor neurons
  • parasympathetic/ sympathetic
  • smooth mm, cardiac mm, glands
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6
Q

enteric nervous system: general features

A
  • involuntary enteric motor neurons (in enteric plexuses)

- smooth mm, glands, endocrine cells of GI tract

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7
Q

CNS: nerves involved

A
  • brain
  • cranial nerve (CN II): optic nn
  • spinal cord
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8
Q

PNS: nerves involved

A
  • CN I, III-XII
  • spinal nerves (31)
  • peripheral nerves
  • neuromuscular junctions
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9
Q

where does neural tissue arise from during development:

A

ectoderm (neuroectoderm)

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10
Q

neural tissue comprises of: eg

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia (glia) which are non-neuronal cells which support neuronal function

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11
Q

neurons: definition

A
  • excitable cells

- electrically active: which can rapidly alter voltage across cell membrane

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12
Q

neurons: function

A
  • transduce/ transfer info
  • communicate w other cells
  • bring physiological changes in the body
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13
Q

neurons: 3 categories

A
  • sensory neurons/ receptors
  • interneurons
  • motor neurons
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14
Q

sensory neurons/ receptors: features

A
  • detect/ transduce stimuli arising from outside (light, sound) or inside (blood pressure, muscle stretch) body
  • transmit resulting (afferent) neural signals to CNS for processing
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15
Q

interneurons: features

A
  • connect neurons to one another in CNS
  • allow CNS to communicate w sensory/ motor neurons
  • forms circuits for processing neural info
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16
Q

motor neurons: features

A
  • carry efferent signals from CNS to effector organs to bring about change
  • eg. contraction of muscle tissue, release of substances from a gland
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17
Q

name types of neurons:

A
  • unipolar
  • bipolar
  • multipolar
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18
Q

neuroglia: definition

A
  • non-neuronal cells that are critical to function of neurons
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19
Q

neuroglia: functions (5)

A
  • physical support for neurons
  • supply nutrients/ oxygen to neurons
  • electrical insulation of neurons
  • destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons
  • ? info processing etc.
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20
Q

neuroglia: main types

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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21
Q

astrocytes: function

A
  • CNS
  • transport nutrients (glucose) from blood vessels to neurons
  • remove neurotransmitters (glutamate and GABA) released by neurons during synaptic transmission (stop excessive transmitting)
  • regulate extracellular potassium conc.
  • excitable cells can communicate w other astrocytes/ neurons to influence synaptic connectivity
  • most common CNS neuroglia
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22
Q

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells: function

A
  • oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  • schwann cells (PNS)
  • generate myelin sheaths surrounding axons of neurons
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23
Q

myelin: features

A
  • part of cell membrane which wraps around axon in spiral fashion
  • white fatty substance ‘white matter’
  • rich in lipid (effective electrical insulation)
  • critical for rapid (saltatory) conduction mode of action potential
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24
Q

microglia: function

A
  • CNS
  • immune effector cells
  • phagocytose cell debris following injury/ pathogens in case of infection
  • brain development/ homeostasis
  • promote regrowth/ remapping of damaged neural circuitry
  • involved in neuronal/ synaptic plasticity
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25
Q

ependymal cells: features/ function

A
  • line ventricles (fluid filled cavities) in brain/ central canal of spinal cord
  • assist in producing CSF
  • microvilli beat to circulate CSF
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26
Q

CSF function:

A

cushion and supply nutrients to brain

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27
Q

grey matter of CNS:

A
  • cell bodies and dendrites of CNS neurons/ some glia
  • greyish-pink due to Nissl bodies (rough ER) in cells/ blood
  • location of synaptic connections btw neurons
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28
Q

white matter of CNS:

A
  • axons of CNS neurons

- myelin sheath (oligodendrocytes) give white appearance: high lipid content

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29
Q

how are neurons organised:

A
  • layers (laminae)

compact clusters of neuronal cell bodies:

  • nuclei in CNS
  • ganglia in PNS
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30
Q

neural circuits: general features and eg.

A
  • neurons don’t function in isolation: in circuits
  • vary in complexity, connectivity, function
  • eg. myotactic (knee jerk) spinal reflex loop: lil neuronal processing
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31
Q

neural circuits: complex eg.

A

pain matrix:

- governs perception and interpretation of painful stimuli

32
Q

neural circuits: pain matrix areas involved

A
  • multiple brain areas which have non pain functions also
  • incl areas responsible for immediate physical response (pain detection, discrimination, avoidance)
  • also pain-related mood/ emotion (anger, depression, anxiety, stress)
33
Q

development of CNS: most basic embryonic brain regions (4 wks)

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
34
Q

development of CNS: name further developed embryonic brain regions (5 wks)

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
35
Q

development of CNS: forebrain forms into in embryo

A
  • telencephalon

- diencephalon

36
Q

development of CNS: midbrain forms into in embryo

A

mesencephalon

37
Q

development of CNS: hindbrain forms into in embryo

A
  • metencephalon

- myelencephalon

38
Q

development of CNS: name brain structures in children/adults

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
39
Q

development of CNS: telencephalon forms into in children/adults and features

A

cerebrum:

  • cerebral cortex
  • white matter
  • basal nuclei
40
Q

development of CNS: diencephalon forms into in children/adults and features

A

diencephalon:

  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
41
Q

development of CNS: mesencephalon forms into in children/adults and features

A

midbrain:

- part of brainstem

42
Q

development of CNS: metencephalon forms into in children/adults and features

A

pons:

  • part of brainstem
  • cerebrum
43
Q

development of CNS: myelencephalon forms into in children/adults and features

A

medulla oblongata:

- part of brainstem

44
Q

sagittal plane:

A

separates into L and R

45
Q

coronal plane:

A

separates into front and back

46
Q

transverse plane:

A

separates into top and bottom

47
Q

rostral:

A

towards beak

48
Q

caudal:

A

towards tail

49
Q

ventral:

A

belly

50
Q

dorsal:

A

back

51
Q

cerebrum: aka and function

A
  • aka telencephalon
  • conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
  • memory storage and processing
  • conscious/ subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
52
Q

diencephalon: aka and function- thalamus

A
  • relay and processing centres for sensory info
53
Q

diencephalon: aka and function- hypothalamus

A
  • centres controlling emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production
54
Q

mesencephalon: aka and function

A
  • aka midbrain
  • processing of visual and auditory data
  • generation of reflexive somatic motor responses
  • maintenance of consciousness
55
Q

metencephalon: aka and function

A
  • aka cerebellum
  • coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
  • adjusts output of other somatic motor centres in brain and spinal cord
56
Q

metencephalon: aka and function

A
  • aka pons
  • relays sensory info to cerebellum
  • subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
57
Q

myelencephalon: aka and function

A
  • aka medulla oblongata
  • relays sensory info to thalamus
  • autonomic centres for regulation of visceral functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive activities
58
Q

CNS protected by:

A
  • cranium
  • vertebral column

additionally:

  • CSF
  • meninges
59
Q

list cranial meninges:

A

superficial - deep:

  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
60
Q

list spinal meninges:

A

superficial - deep:

  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
61
Q

spinal cord: features

A
  • connects CNS to PNS which isn’t innervated by cranial nerves
  • adult spinal cord (40-50cm long)
  • from medulla oblongata to 2/3 down vertebral column (L1/2 intervertebral disc) -> ending as tapering conus medullaris
  • remaining nerves continue down vertebral column in cauda equina
62
Q

spinal nerves: pairs

A

31 pairs:

  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
63
Q

spinal nerves: emerges from

A
  • vertebral column though intervertebral/ neural foramen btw adjacent vertebrae
64
Q

spinal nerves: Bell-Magendie Law

A
  • each spinal n formed by combo of nerve fibres (axons) from dorsal and ventral roots
65
Q

spinal nerves: dorsal root

A
  • posterior root
  • only afferent (sensory) fibres

receptor- PNS- CNS

66
Q

spinal nerves: ventral root

A
  • anterior root
  • only efferent (motor) fibres

CNS- PNS- effector

67
Q

lamina of: dorsal/ posterior column

A

lamina I - VII

68
Q

lamina of: lateral column

A

lamina VII

69
Q

lamina of: ventral/ anterior column

A

lamina VIII, IX

70
Q

function of: dorsal column

A
  • pain
  • temp
  • touch
  • proprioception
  • kinesthesia
71
Q

function of: lateral column

A
  • sympathetic (thoracolumbar levels)

- parasympathetic (sacral levels)

72
Q

function of: ventral column

A
  • motor interneurons

- motor neurons

73
Q

match division to dorsal, ventral and lateral column/ horns:

A
  • dorsal: sensory
  • lateral: autonomic
  • ventral: motor
74
Q

white matter of spinal cord are:

A
  • longitudinal tracts btw brain and spinal cord

- or btw spinal cord segments

75
Q

ascending tracts: from

A

aka sensory

- spinal cord -> brain

76
Q

descending tracts: from

A

aka motor

- brain -> spinal cord

77
Q

spinal cord: tracts features

A
  • tracts originating on one side of the body generally cross over (decussate) and innervate the contralateral side of body
  • some remain on ipsilateral side of body

4. BIOL257 (18 decks)

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