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H. O. E. > Nervous System Exam > Flashcards

Nervous System Exam Flashcards

0
Q

injury to T:1 - L1 causes?

A

Paraplegic paralysis

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1
Q

Graded potential

A

a change in the membrane potential that is localized to one area of the plasma membrane; can result from 1) chemical signals binding to their receptors, 2) changes in the voltage across the plasma membrane 3) mechanical stimulation 4) temperature changes 5) spontaneous changes in membrane permeability

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2
Q

Refractory period

A

once an action potential is produced at a given point on the plasma membrane, the sensitivity of that area to further stimulation decreases for a time

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3
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

the first part of the refractory period during which complete insensitivity exists to another stimulus

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4
Q

Action potential

A

electrical impulses carried along the length of the axons; always the same regardless of stimulus; the underlying functional feature of the nervous system

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5
Q

Astrocytes

A

astrocytes first of the supporting cells;branched glial cells;
they cling to neurons and their synaptic endings, and cover capillaries; anchor neurons to their nutrient supplies, guide migration of young neurons, control the chemical environment, looks like a spider web

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6
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

integration and command center

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7
Q

Diencephalon

A

central core of the forebrain; deepest part of the brain; consists of three paired structures - thalamus,; hypothalamus, and epithalamus; encloses the third ventricle

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8
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges of cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent schwann cells; they are the sites where axon collaterals can emerge

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10
Q

Pons

A

conducting bridge between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata; helps out with regulation of respirations, touch, pain, and temperature

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11
Q

SNS

A

conscious control of skeletal muscles

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12
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of axons and their sheaths; connects to the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

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13
Q

Synapse

A

junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron

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14
Q

Somatic vs autonomic

A

somatic (conscious control of skeletal muscles)

autonomic (regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)

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15
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

protective mechanism that allows you to maintain a stable internal environment
selectively lets things in an out of the brain
if it can be diffused through the capillaries, it can be diffused to the brain

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16
Q

Broca’s area

A

a motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue

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17
Q

Mature neurons are:

A

Amniotic

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18
Q

Where are sensory receptors

A

Peripheral nervous system

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19
Q

CSF

A

watery solution that contains less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma; forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to the CNS organs

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20
Q

Cerebral white matter

A

consists of deep myelinated fibers and their tracts
it is responsible for communication between:
the cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum

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21
Q

Dendrite

A

conduct the impulses into the soma or cell body

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22
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

fluid-filled space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons; prevents nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to the next

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23
Q

Axon

A

Carries information away from soma

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24
Q

Reticular diffusions

A

diffuse system that involve the “cycles” of activity, such as the sleep-wake cycle

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25
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

branches cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers

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26
Q

Schwann cells (neuroelmmocytes)

A

surround fibers of the PNS

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27
Q

sympathetic division

A

system that controls the sweat glands

28
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

the divisions of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)

29
Q

Lumbar plexus branch off

A

L1-L4
Femoral (anterior thigh)
Obturator (medial thigh)

30
Q

Brachial plexus branch off

A 
C5-C8 and T1
Ulnar (forearm and hand)
Median (forearm and hand)
Axillary (shoulder)
Musculocutaneous (anterior arm)
Radial (posterior arm)
31
Q

cervical plexus branch off

A

ventral rami of C1 - C4
Phrenic (diaphragm)
Ansa cervicalis

32
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing and many other visceral activities
perception of pleasure, fear, and rage
maintains normal body temperature
regulates feelings of hunger and satiety
regulates sleep and the sleep cycle

33
Q

Various neural circuits

A

Divergent - spread
Convergent - 1 starts and more come off
Reverberating - keeps repeating

34
Q

Transmitted nerve impulse

A

Movement of action potential along a nerve fiber in response to stimuli

35
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies found outside CNS

36
Q

How are basic reflexes learned?

A

Inate- automatically given at birth

Basic - learned through modifying behavior

37
Q

How are impulses carried to and from cell?

A

Axons - carry signals away from

Dendrites - carry signals to

38
Q

If you injure the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamus controls temperature, endocrine, & thirst

So you would see issues in those areas

39
Q

Importance of nodes of ranvier

A

?

40
Q

Knee jerk reflex

A

Golgi tendon reflex (releases muscles)

41
Q

Largest cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal

42
Q

What is the resting & digesting division of ANS?

A

Parasympathetic

43
Q

Major relay for sensory information

A

Thalamus

44
Q

Nickname for sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

45
Q

Number of spinal pairs

A

31

46
Q

Association neuron

A

Interneuron

Any neuron with a specific area it is confined to (like olfactory)

47
Q

Sheath of schwann cell

A

?

48
Q

Voltage is measured how around the membrane potential

A

?

49
Q

What are afferent nerves

A

Neuron that conducts impulses toward CNS from peripheral body

50
Q

Direct acting neurotransmitters

A

Opens gates to respond quickly

So— ACH is a quick responding one

51
Q

Nonspecific ascending pathways

A

Are involved in emotional aspects of perception

Consist of polymodal neurons

Alertness and arousal

52
Q

Effector organs of ANS

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands

53
Q

Water balance regulation
Temperature
Metabolism

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

ANS function

A

Homeostasis

Regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland activity

55
Q

What are olfactory receptors

A

Specialized cell in mucous membrane of nose

Receptor for smell

56
Q

Structures of a neuron

A

Cell body (soma)
Dendrite
Axon

57
Q

Exterorceptors sense

A

Pain and temperature

58
Q

Nociceptors sense

A

Pain and deep touch

59
Q

Central sulcus separate?

A

Sulci are shallow grooves in hemispheres

So… Separates frontal and occipital lobes

60
Q

Ependymal cells?

A

Lining of ventricular cavities (brain ) and line central canal of spinal cord

61
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Stimulates diaphragm – comes off cervical plexus

62
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory

63
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual

64
Q

Three major plexuses

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar

Thoracic has none

65
Q

Action potential

A

Generates electrical current that starts impulse

66
Q

Medulla oblongata controls

A

Breathing, digestion, blood flow, temperature, vomiting, swallowing

67
Q

Medulla controls

A

Respirations

H. O. E. (14 decks)

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