Exam 2 Terms Flashcards
Anorexia nervosa
Psychological disorder in which a person drastically reduces intake of food which results in weakness, loss of weight, metabolic issues, and death
7year old characteristics
- > 5-12 lbs weight gain a year
- > muscle and reflexes better
- > physical activities and playing
- mental / emotional development
- > speech skills (speech problems can be seen)
- > begin to problem solve
- > active memories
- > should be able to make judgement calls
- > learning to control emotions
- > becoming sexual (attractions)
- > self concept development
- social development
- > easier friends become
- > hard for kids with no self concept
- > need parental approval, reassurance, peer acceptance
Arthritis
Inflammation of joints
Behavior of older adults
Mental ability is declining
Emotional stability declines
Diseases and bones disorders
Bulimia
Psychological disorder in which a person alternately binges and then fasts, or refuses to eat
Care of Alzheimer’s
Love and affection
Patience
Cataracts
Condition of the eye where the lens becomes cloudy and opaque
Cause of Alzheimer’s
Heredity
Tangles in neurons and neuron transmitters
Causes of cognitive impairments
Prenatal issues
Heredity
Chromosomal issues
Causes of suicide in teens
Bullying
Low self esteem
Family issues
Deaths
Causes of temporary confusion / disorientation
Seizure disorders, low blood pressure, heredity, lack of sleep, brain tumors, Alzheimer’s, dementia, thyroid problems, heart problems
Changes in CV system
Cannot have as heavy as workload as before
Reduction in red blood cell count
Veins and arteries become less pliable and elastic
Nonverbal communication characteristics
Gestures, facial expressions, body language, appearance
Verbal communication characterisitcs
Fluency, word choice, speed, clarity, tone
Communication barriers
Culture, ethnicity
Hearing loss, impaired vision, speech impairments
Severe disabilities, touch, eye contact
Communication feedback
Listening, correct answers, tones, open questions
Compensation
Substitution of one goal for another goal to achieve success
Confidential care
?
growth and development
Measurable physical changes in humans and changes in intellectual, mental, emotional, social
Abuse
Any care that results in harm
Alzheimer’s
Can lead to irreversible memory loss, deterioration of intellectual functions, disorientation, speech and gait problems
Communication
exchange of information: the exchange of information between people
Emotional development
Refers to the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence
Designation of POA or health care surrogate
Document that permits an individual (principal) to appoint an another person (agent) to make any decisions about health care if the principle should become unable to make choices
Infancy characteristics
-birth to one year
-dramatic and rapid changes
-physical development
->weight
->developing muscles and coordination
->reflexes
->teeth change (ten - twelve teeth by year one)
->color blind when born
metal development
->first thought of emotion is of emotion
->6-8 months start responding
->12 months can understand words
-emotional development
->6 months can show delight, anger, fear, (anything within the first year of life can effect rest of life)
-social development
->completely dependent on others for all needs
Early childhood characteristics
- 1-6 years
- physical development
- > average weight of six year old = 45 lbs
- > muscles and reflexes
- > some coordination improvement
- > potty trained
- mental development
- > verbal contact and words
- > 2500 words by age six
- > 2 year olds - short attention span, begin to understand concepts, memory,
- > 4 year olds- ask questions
- > 6 year olds - desire to read and write
- emotional development
- > limits are set, most children are self-confident
- > like routines
- > begin to know what’s right and wrong
- > lack of self-control
- > independence
- social development
- > still don’t play well with others
- > sharing is a problem
- > need: organization, consistency, routines
Late childhood
- 6-12 year olds
- physical development
- > 5-12 lbs weight gain a year
- > muscle and reflexes better
- > physical activities and playing
- mental / emotional development
- > speech skills (speech problems can be seen)
- > begin to problem solve
- > active memories
- > should be able to make judgement calls
- > learning to control emotions
- > becoming sexual (attractions)
- > self concept development
- social development
- > easier friends become
- > hard for kids with no self concept
- > need parental approval, reassurance, peer acceptance
Adolescence
- ages 12-20
- physical development
- > growing, muscle development
- > makeup and appearance
- > hormonal changes
- emotional development
- > judgment calls
- > responsibilities and maturity
- > spontaneous choices
- > peer pressure and thoughts
- social development
- > friends are more important in most minds - seek approval from friends and not family
- > need reassurance, support, understanding
Early adulthood
- ages 19-40
- physical development
- > girls are almost permanently developed
- > prime child bearing years
- mental development
- > look forward to moving out from parents’ consent
- > looking forward to making own decisions
- > steady relationships
- > raising a family
- > majority want financial freedom
- > intellectual growth
Middle adulthood
- ages 40-65
- physical development
- > grey hair, wrinkles, glasses
- > weight gain, flabby skin
- > menopause / non child bearing
- > men can father child into 90’s
- mental development
- > intellect still growing
- > confident in decision making
- > acquire problem solving skills
- emotional development
- > mid life crises
- > financial issues
- social development
- > relationships are solid
- > retirement
- > focus switches from work to families
Late adulthood
- ages +65
- most PR
- 65% of all health care costs are from elderly
- mental development
- > vary from one another
- > biggest issues are losing family, home, ability to be independent
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s
.
Disease
medical condition: a condition in humans, plants, or animals that results in pathological symptoms and is not the direct result of physical injury
Displacement
Transferring feelings about one person to someone else
DNR
Do not resuscitate
Domestic violence
attempting or threatening to harm, or harming physically, to anyone in a household
- > divorced couples
- > related by blood, marriage, or adoption
- > currently or formerly living together
- > now or used to have a dating or engagement relationship
- > have a child in common
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
Less saliva leads to slower gag reflex
Dysuria
Painful urination
Most often caused by infections
Factors influencing communication good/bad
Perceptions, clarifying, attentive listening, changing subjects, open ended questions, close ended questions….
Five stages of death
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Forms of dementia
Vascular, mixed, dementia and Lewy Bodies, frontotemporal, Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH), Creutzfeldt-Jacob Dementia (CJD)
Glaucoma
The intraocular pressure of the eye increases and interferes with vision
Grasp reflex
Infants can grasp objects placed in hands
Hoarding
Pathological or compulsive keeping of objects
Hospice function / purpose
Care that provides comfort and support
Allows patient to die in dignity
Incontinence
The inability to control urine
Independence vs dependence
Being able to be safe and make choice on your own vs not being able to
Infant physical development
- > weight
- > developing muscles and coordination
- > reflexes
- > teeth change (ten - twelve teeth by year one)
- > color blind when born
Levels of communication
Verbal, nonverbal, intrapersonal, interpersonal, public, mass
Living will
Document that allows individual to state what measures should or shouldn’t be taken to prolong life
Loneliness in elderly
can be especially debilitating to older adults and may predict serious health problems and even death
Death of spouse, knowledge of future death
Loss of adipose tissue in elderly
- production of new skin cells decrease
- sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands become less active
- avoid lots of soaps
- avoid smelling lotion (will cause issues)
- circulation of skin decreases
- ability to get rid of heat decreases
- causes discoloration
- feel cold
- takes longer times to heal
- bruise easy
- hair loses color and hair loss (alpocia)
- methods to adapt and cope with changes
- turgor (lack of adepost tissues, lack of skin elasticity)
- ecchymosis - bruising (lack of adepost tissue)
Melanin patches
Natural skin pigmentation spot
Memory changes of elderly
.
Moro reflex
Involuntary reflex to stimulation of newborns
Needs for safety and security
Feel secure in environments
Free from fear and anxiety
Needs of humans
Physiological, safety, love and affection, esteem, self actualization
Nonverbal behavior
Gestures, mannerisms, expressions, body language
Ombudsman
Specially trained person who acts s an advocate for others to improve care conditions
Osteoporosis
Bones become porous and brittle because of lack of calcium and phosphorous
Osteomyelitis
Bone inflammation produced by a pathogenic organism
Organisms cause formation of abscesses within the bone and an accumulation of pus in the medullary canal
Pacing
When nervous or anxious
Patient advocate
Makes decisions for the patient
Patients’ rights
Made clear in the Patient’s Bill of Rights
Percent of people in long term care
5%
Projection
Placing the blame for ones own actions on others
Pillaging
Stealing of possesions
Psychological care of dying
- > > give them control - get permission for everything (by whom, when, why, allow patient to talk how they want)
- > > acknowledge difficult requests
- > > fears are dying alone and dying with pain
- > > hospice preaches for quality over quantity
- > > maximize time with them
- > > let them die how they want to die
- > > family care
- -» have their understanding
- -» open communication
- -» learn to identify individuality
- -» death of the patient stops care for the patient, not the care for the family
- > deaths occur in threes
- -» closure for the health care workers
Psychological barriers of communication
Prejudice, attitude, personality, judging, preaching, moralizing, lecturing, overreacting, arguing, advising
Puberty
Period of growth and development where secondary sexual characteristics begin
Rationalization
Defense mechanism involving the use of reasonable excuses as behavior explanations
Reality orientation
Activities to help promote awareness of time, place, person
Retirement
Can cause emotional distress
Right to die
A patient should be able to choose if they would like to die or not
Rooting reflex
A touch on the cheek can cause opening of mouth and turn of the head in newborns
Self actualization
Obtaining full potential, confidence, self secure
Sexual needs of elderly
Completely normal
Does not cease due to age
Signs of abuse
Unexplained bruises Fractures Burns Poor hygiene Personality changes Withdrawn or aggressive behavior
Signs of suicide
Appetite changes Alcohol and drug abuse Loss of interest in activities Poor hygiene Withdrawn
Social development of 2 year olds
- > still don’t play well with others
- > sharing is a problem
- > need: organization, consistency, routines
Social skills of children
- > still don’t play well with others
- > sharing is a problem
- > need: organization, consistency, routines
- > easier friends become
- > hard for kids with no self concept
- > need parental approval, reassurance, peer acceptance
Socialization
Interactions with people
Stages of dying
- denial - refuses to believe
- anger - when no longer able to deny but unreasonably doing so
- bargaining - accepts death, but wants more time
- depression - realizes death will soon come
- acceptance - understand the fact they will die
Sucking reflex
Slight touch to the lips triggers it
Sundowning
People with dementia who “sundown” get confused and agitated as the sun goes down
Suppression
Aware of unacceptable thoughts but refuses to deal with them
Thrombus
Blood clot
TIA’s
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is when blood flow to a part of the brain stops for a brief period of time
Time frame for physical changes in elderly
.
Trust vs mistrust
stage occurs between birth and approximately 18 months of age. According to Erikson, the trust versus mistrust stage is the most important period in a person’s life
Vascular degeneration
Deterioration of blood vessels
Withdrawal
Individual ceases to communicate or physically removes them self from situations
