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Pharmacology > Nervous System Drugs > Flashcards

Nervous System Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Rarely used since it is so rapidly broken down by acetylecholinesterase

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2
Q

Carbamylcholine

A

-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Treats GI atony
-Stimulates uterine contractions in swine

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3
Q

Bethanechol

A

-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Treats GI and urinary tract atony

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4
Q

Pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine)

A

-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Reduces intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma
-Treats keratoconjuctivitis sicca

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5
Q

Metoclopramide

A

-Cholinergic agent (direct-acting)
-Controls vomiting
-Promotes gastric tract emptying

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6
Q

Edrophonium

A

-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Used in dx of myasthenia gravis
-Only lasts 1-2 min

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7
Q

Neostigmine (Prostigmine)

A

-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Treats urinary retention
-Treats GI atony
-Can last around 3 hrs
-Antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents

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8
Q

Physostigmine (Antilirium)

A

-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Similar to Neostigmine

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9
Q

Organophosphate compounds

A

-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Used in insecticide dips
-Can be toxic if used inappropriately

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10
Q

Demecarium (Humorsol)

A

-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Used in preventive management of glaucoma

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11
Q

Pyridostigmine (Mestinon)

A

-Cholinergic agent (indirect-acting)
-Treats myesthenia gravis
-Can last around 6 hrs (longer than Neostigmine)

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12
Q

Atropine

A

-Anticholinergic agent
-Preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia
-Counteracts organophosphate toxicity
-Dilates pupils for ophthalmic exam
-Controls ciliary eye spasms
-Treat bradycardia
-Slows a hypermotile gut

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13
Q

Methscopolamine

A

-Anticholinergic agent
-Controls diarrhea

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14
Q

Gylcopyrrolate

A

-Anticholinergic agent
-Quaternary ammonium compound
-Similar to Atropine but has a longer duration of action
-Preanesthetic

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15
Q

Aminopentamide

A

-Anticholinergic agent
-Controls vomiting and diarrhea

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16
Q

Propantheline

A

-Anticholinergic agent
-Quaternary ammonium compound
-Treats diarrhea
-Controls urinary incontinence
-Treats bradycardia
-Reduces colonic peristalsis in horses to allow rectal exam

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17
Q

Pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM)

A

-Anticholinergic agent
-Cholinesterase reactivator
-Treats organophosphate toxicity

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18
Q

Epinephrine

A

-Alpha & beta agonist (but prefers beta)
-Incr HR and cardiac output
-Constricts blood vessels in skin
-Dilates bronchioles
-Incr metabolic rate

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19
Q

Norepinephrine

A

-Alpha & beta agonist (but prefers alpha)
-Vasoconstrictor

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20
Q

Isoproterenol (Isuprel)

A

-Beta-1 & -2 agonist
-Bronchodilator
-Treats atropine-resistant bradycardia

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21
Q

Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)

A

-Alpha-1 agonist
-Nasal vasoconstrictor
-Vasoconstrictor
-Caution for rebound epistaxis if stopped suddenly

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22
Q

Dopamine

A

-Alpha & beta agonist (prefers beta)
-Precursor of Epi and Norepi
-Treats shock and CHF
-Incr renal perfusion, BP, & cardiac output

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23
Q

Phenylpropanolamine

A

-Alpha & beta agonist (but prefers alpha)
-Treats urinary incontinence
-Decongestant and bronchodilator

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24
Q

Dobutamine

A

-Beta-1 agonist
-Incr HR and cardiac output
-Short-term tx of heart failure

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25
Q

Albuterol

A

-Beta-2 agonist
-Bronchodilator

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26
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

-Adrenergic blocking agent
-Alpha blocker
-Vasodilator (hypotensive agent)

Side-effects:
-Tachycardia
-Hypotension

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27
Q

Acepromazine

A

-Adrenergic blocking agent
-Alpha blocker
-Tranquilizer (phenothiazine)
-Vasodilator

Side-effects:
-Seizures

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28
Q

Prazosin

A

-Alpha-1 antagonist
-Vasodilator
-Treats urethral spasms secondary to UO

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29
Q

Yohimbine (Yobine)

A

-Alpha-2 antagonist
-Antidote for Xylazine toxicity

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30
Q

Atipamezole (Antisedan)

A

-Alpha-2 antagonist
-Reversal for Dexmedetomidine

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31
Q

Propranolol

A

-Beta-1 & -2 antagonist
-Treats cardiac arrhythmias & HCM
-Decr HR, BP, and cardigan output

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32
Q

Timolol

A

-Beta-1 & -2 antagonist
-Ophthalmic preparation that treats glaucoma

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33
Q

Atenolol

A

-Beta-1 antagonist
-Treats cardiac arrhythmias and HCM
-Decr HR, BP, and cardiac output

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34
Q

Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine)

A

-Phenothiazine tranquilizer
-Produce sedation and ally fear
-No analgesic properties
-Antiemetic
-Antipruritic

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35
Q

Promazine hydrochloride

A

-Phenothiazine tranquilizer
-Produce sedation and ally fear
-No analgesic properties
-Antiemetic
-Antipruritic

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36
Q

Prochlorperazine

A

-Phenothiazine tranquilizer
-Produce sedation and ally fear
-No analgesic properties
-Antiemetic
-Antipruritic

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37
Q

Diazepam (Valium, Diastat)

A

-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Depresses thalamus & hypothalamus
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation
-Anticonvulsant
-3-4 hr duration of action
-Can be used for anxiety
-Produces minimal cardiovascular/resp depression compared to other CNS depressants
-Painful if given IM (not water soluble)
-Metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys

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38
Q

Midazolam (Versed)

A

-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation
-Anticonvulsant
-Not painful if given IM (water soluble)

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39
Q

Zolazepam (Telazol)

A

-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation
-Short-acting anesthetic

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40
Q

Alprazolam (Xanax)

A

-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation
-Appetite stimulant
-Can be used for anxiety

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41
Q

Xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun, AnaSed, Sedazine, Cervizine)

A

-Alpha-2 agonist
-Analgesic, sedative, muscle relaxant
-Treats colic pain in horses
-Can induce vomiting

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42
Q

Detomidine (Dormosedan)

A

-Alpha-2 agonist
-Sedative and analgesic in horses
-May still kick even when appearing sedated

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43
Q

Medetomidine (Domitor)

A

-Alpha-2 agonist
-Sedative & analgesic for dogs

44
Q

Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor, Sileo oromucosal gel)

A

-Alpha-2 agonist
-Sedative & analgesic for cats and dogs
-More potent than Medetomidine
-Sedative, analgesic, pre-anesthetic
-Can be used for anxiety

45
Q

Romifidine (SediVet)

A

-Alpha-2 agonist
-Sedative for horses

46
Q

Phenobarbital (Luminal, Solfoton)

A

-Barbituate
-Long-acting Oxybarbiturate
-Anticonvulsant
-Potent cardiac and reap depressant
-Nonreversible

47
Q

Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

A

-Barbiturate
-Short-acting Oxybarbiturate
-1-3 hrs of anesthesia
-Anticonvulsant
-Euthanasia agent

48
Q

Thiopental (Pentothal, Methohexital)

A

-Barbiturate
-Ultrashort-acting Thiobarbiturate
-Very alkaline (causes necrosis if given extravascularly)
-Redistributes to fat stored within 5-30 min after admin

49
Q

Ketamine (Ketaset)

A

-Dissociative agent
-NMDA agonist (analgesic)
-Depresses thalamus & cerebral cortex; activates limbic system
-Cause muscle rigidity, analgesia, amnesia
-Not analgesic for deep abdominal pain
-Maintain pharyngeal/laryngeal, oral, ocular reflexes (eyes should be lubed)

50
Q

Tiletamine HCl (Telazol)

A

-Dissociative agent
-Depresses thalamus & cerebral cortex; activates limbic system
-Cause muscle rigidity, analgesia, amnesia
-Not analgesic for deep abdominal pain
-Maintain pharyngeal/laryngeal, oral, ocular reflexes (eyes should be lubed)

51
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP, Angel dust)

A

-No longer avail
-Dissociative agent

52
Q

Opium (Laudanum)

A

-Natural Opioid
-Antidiarrheal
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

53
Q

Morphine sulfate (Duramorph)

A

-Natural Opioid
-Mu agonist
-Analgesia for severe pain
-Relieve fear/anxiety associate with CHF
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

54
Q

Meperidine (Demerol)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Mu agonist
-Analgesia for acute pain
-1/8 as potent as morphine
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

55
Q

Oxymorphone (Numorphan, Opana)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Mu agonist
-10x more potent than morphine
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

56
Q

Butorphanol tartrate (Torbutrol, Torbugesic)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Kappa & sigma agonist, Mu antagonist
-4-7x more potent than morphine
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Antitussive
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

57
Q

Fentanyl (Recuvrya, Sublimaze, Duragesic)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-100x more potent than morphine
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Antitussive at low doses
-Antidiarrheal
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

58
Q

Hydrocodone bitartrate (Hycodan, Tussigon)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Antitussive
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

59
Q

Etorphine (M-99)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-1,000x more potent than morphine
-Only for exotic/zoo medicine
-LETHAL if accidentally injected or absorbed through skin
-Analgesia & sedation
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

60
Q

Pentazocine (Talwin)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia in horses and dogs
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

61
Q

Diphenoxylate (Lomotil)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Antidiarrheal when combined with Atropine
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

62
Q

Apomorphine (Apokyn)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Dopamine agonist
-Emetic
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

63
Q

Methadone (Dolophine)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

64
Q

Codeine

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia & sedation
-Antitussive
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

65
Q

Carfentanil (Wildnil)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-10,000x more potent than morphine
-Wildlife Analgesia & sedation
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

66
Q

Buprenorphine (Buprenex)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Partial Mu agonist-antagonist
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Longer duration of action than Torb
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

67
Q

Buprenorphine (Simbadol)

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia & sedation
-SQ injection SID for 3 days for 24 hr pain control
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

68
Q

Tramadol

A

-Synthetic Opioid
-Analgesia & sedation
-Relieve fear/anxiety
-Antitussive at low doses
-Antidiarrheal
-Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

69
Q

Naloxone (Narcan)

A

-Pure Opioid antagonist
-High affinity for mu receptors
-Chemically similar to Oxymorphone
-Opioid reversal

70
Q

Nalorphine (Nalline)

A

-Partial Opioid antagonist
-May produce analgesia
-Opioid reversal

71
Q

Fentanyl + Droperidol (Innovar-Vet)

A

-Neuroleptanalgesic (opioid + tranquilizer)
-No longer avail
-Sedation, anesthesia

72
Q

Acepromazine + Morphine

A

-Neuroleptanalgesic (opioid + tranquilizer)
-Sedation, anesthesia

73
Q

Acepromazine + Oxymorphone

A

-Neuroleptanalgesic (opioid + tranquilizer)
-Sedation, anesthesia

74
Q

Xylazine + Butorphanol

A

-Neuroleptanalgesic (opioid + tranquilizer)
-Sedation, anesthesia

75
Q

Primidone (Mylepsin, Neurosyn)

A

-Antiepileptic
-Chemically similar to pheno; partially metabolized into pheno by liver

76
Q

Bromide

A

-Antiepileptic
-Used in adjunct with pheno/primidone

77
Q

Gabapentin (Neurontin)

A

-Anticonvulsant
-Used in adjunct with other sz meds
-Used for partial sz or difficult to control sz
-Analgesic
-Can be used for anxiety

78
Q

Levetiracetam (Keppra)

A

-Antiepileptic
-Used in adjunct with other sz meds
-Used for refractory canine epilepsy

79
Q

Zonisamide (Zonegran)

A

-Antiepileptic
-Used in adjunct with other sz meds
-Used for refractory canine epilepsy

80
Q

Isoflurane (IsoFlo, Isothesia)

A

-Inhalant anesthetic
-Halogenated ether
-Least soluble of inhalant agents (rapid induction & recovery times)
-Keeps stable heart rhythm and does not decr cardiac output
-<0.2% metabolized

81
Q

Sevoflurane (SevoFlo)

A

-Inhalant anesthetic
-Halogenated ether
-Rapid induction & recovery times
-Keeps stable heart rhythm and does not decr cardiac output
-3% metabolized

82
Q

Halothane (Fluothane)

A

-Inhalant anesthetic
-Halogenated hydrocarbon
-Decomposes when exposed to UV
-Sensitized heart to catecholamines (may cause arrhythmias)
-25% metabolized
-No longer avail in U.S.

83
Q

Methoxyflurane (Metofane)

A

-Inhalant anesthetic
-Methyl-ethyl-ether
-Highly soluble in blood & tissues (slow induction & recovery times)
-50% metabolized
-Potentially nephrotoxic

84
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

-Inhalant anesthetic
-Inorganic gas
-Cannot produce anesthesia alone, must be used in adjunct to other anesthetic agents
-Low solubility (rapid induction & recovery times)
-May cause distention of intestines, chest, etc.
-Must always be given with O2 to prevent hypoxia
-O2 should be given several minutes after nitrous oxide is turned off to prevent diffusion hypoxia

85
Q

Propofol (PropoFlo, PropoFlo-28, Rapanofal)

A

-Short-acting hypnotic (2-5 min)
-Rapid & smooth anesthetic agent

86
Q

Guaifenesin (Guailaxin, Robitussin-AC, Triaminic expectorant)

A

-Skeletal muscle relaxant
-Equine anesthesia
-Treats cough (expectorant)

Side-effects:
-Hemolysis if >5% solutions are used

87
Q

Doxapram (Dopram-V)

A

-CNS stimulant
-Activates resp centers in medulla to stimulate breathing

88
Q

Succinylcholine chloride (Anectine)

A

-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Depolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis

89
Q

Decamethonium (Syncurine)

A

-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Depolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis

90
Q

Gallamine (Flaxedil)

A

-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Nondepolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis

91
Q

Pancuronium bromide (Pavulon)

A

-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Nondepolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis

92
Q

Vecuronium bromide (Norcuron)

A

-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Nondepolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis

93
Q

Atracurium (Tracrium)

A

-Neuromuscular blocker (muscle relaxant)
-Nondepolarizing agent
-Cause apnea & muscle paralysis

94
Q

Lorazepam (Ativan)

A

-Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-Produces sedation, muscle relaxation
-Can be used for anxiety

95
Q

Azapirone (Buspirone)

A

-No muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, or sedative effects
-Used for anxiety (seretonin blocker)

96
Q

Amitriptyline (Elavil)

A

-Tricyclic antidepressant
-Block reuptake of norepi and seretonin

97
Q

Imipramine (Tofranil)

A

-Tricyclic antidepressant
-Block reuptake of norepi and seretonin

98
Q

Clomipramine (Clomicalm)

A

-Tricyclic antidepressant
-Block selective reuptake of seretonin

99
Q

Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile)

A

-SSRI

100
Q

Sertraline (Zoloft)

A

-SSRI

101
Q

Paroxetine (Paxil)

A

-SSRI

102
Q

Trazodone (Desyrel)

A

-SARI
-Causes seretonin to remain in brainstem longer

103
Q

Selegiline (Anipryl)

A

-MOAI
-Increases dopamine levels
-Can treat canine dementia and Cushings

104
Q

Megestrol acetate (Megace, Ovaban)

A

-Synthetic progestin
-Changes hormonal levels for behavior modification

105
Q

Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera)

A

-Synthetic progestin
-Changes hormonal levels for behavior modification

106
Q

Clorazepate (Tranxene-SD)

A

-Can be used for anxiety

107
Q

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

A

-Can treat hyperactivity in dogs

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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