Nervous system diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Cause for a stroke.

A

The patients brain is deprived of blood (cerebrovascular accident /CVA). This deprives the brain tissues of nutrients, glucose, and oxygen.

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2
Q

How does a stroke occur?

A

Blood supply in the brain is compromised 2 ways;
- vessel in brain fails to supply enough blood due to blockage or there is no supply. (Ischaemic stroke)
- intercranial bleeding takes place depriving blood supply. (Haemorrhaging stroke)

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3
Q

Causes for ischaemic stroke.

A
  • Thrombus.
  • Usually associated with atherosclerosis and fat embolism (diet and smoking).
  • Where there is hypoxia (low O2) in the body.
  • When vessels are compressed.
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4
Q

Cause for haemorrhaging stroke.

A

Associated with rapture of vessel such as raptured aneurysm and trauma.

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5
Q

Symptoms of a stroke.

A
  • sudden onset, painless
  • motor/sensory deficits shown
  • focal neurological deficits depends on area of brain injured
  • conscious levels may or may not be impaired
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6
Q

Testing for a stroke.

A

FAST test
- facial weakness
- arm weakness
- speech problems
- test all three

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7
Q

Treatment for a stroke.

A

Medication and surgery.

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8
Q

Problems after having a stroke.

A
  • hemisphere neglect
  • difficulty specking
  • say the opposite to what they mean eg. ‘No’ instead of ‘yes’ or saying ‘milk’ instead or ‘water’.
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9
Q

What is decussation?

A

Motor fibres in CC (cerebral cortex) cross to contralateral side of spinal cord.
Muscle in left side are under control of motor centre in right cerebral cortex. Vice versa.

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10
Q

What is transient ischaemic attack?

A

TIA is a sudden onset loss of neurological function. Usually resolved after 24hrs. Associated with CVD.

Cause; inadequate blood supply to the brain as a result of a thrombus or embolism.

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11
Q

What are stroke mimics?

A
  • post seizure which last for hrs
  • hypoglycaemia
  • tumour
  • sepsis
  • psycho somatic
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12
Q

Cause for multiple sclerosis.

A

Progressive disease due to the loss of myelin sheath surrounding axons within CNS. cause is unknown but possibly autoimmune.

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13
Q

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis.

A
  • depends on location of lesion
  • vague symptoms at first such as tingling and numbness in limbs or face
  • weakness where motor fibres are affected
  • tiredness, loss of concentration, and mood swings
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14
Q

Treatment for multiple sclerosis.

A
  • steroid medication to speed up recovery
  • injectable (interferon beta medications), oral, and infusion medication
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15
Q

What are the different types of dementia?

A
  • Alzheimer’s
  • vascular dementia
  • frontal lobe degeneration
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • infections (eg. AIDS and syphilis)
  • metabolic disorders (kidney failure due to alcoholism)
  • Trauma
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16
Q

Describe dementia.

A

Acquired intellectual impairment.
Patient losses sense of self.
Mental state becomes permanently disordered; memory, language, perception, calculation, emotional awareness, and expression.

17
Q

What is amyloid plaques?

A

Protein fragment between nerve cells. They are usually in healthy people but quickly broken down and eliminated.
In Alzheimer’s disease, these accumulate as hard insoluble plaques.

18
Q

What is neurofibril tangles?

A

Formed from a chain of microtubule associated proteins ( tau protein).
Number of neurofibrillary tangles is tightly linked to the degree of dementia.

19
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A
  • CP is the abnormal development of the brain, apparent when areas of brain responsible for movement, balance, and posture are affected.
  • Patients have abnormal muscle tone (tight muscles- abnormal gait).
  • Cognitive functions may be affected.
20
Q

Cause of cerebral palsy.

A
  • development abnormality (eg. cardiovascular insufficiency, in uterostroke)
  • infection of mother during pregnancy eg. Rubella
  • problems during birth resulting in hypoxia or asphyxia
21
Q

Describe Huntington disease.

A

A genetically inherited, autosomal dominant disease which causes the deathof* neuronal tissue and neural degeneration.

Progressive type of dementia.

Chorea- jerky involuntary movements affecting shoulders, hips, and face.