Musculoskeletal system diseases Flashcards
What is the pathology and cause of osteoporosis?
Pathology;
More resorption of bone occurs than the formation of bone resulting in less bone. Loss of bone mineral density, reduction in bone strength. Fewer trabecular, thinning of cortical bone, and widening of Haversian canals.
Cause;
- irregularities in PTH or calcitonin production
- insufficient vitamin D/calcium
- genetics
- loss of oestrogen (menopause)
- lack of exercise
- alcohol, smoking, drugs, glucocorticoids
Symptoms of osteoporosis.
- fracture (particularly in hip, spine, and forearm)
- loss in height
Diagnosis and treatment for osteoporosis.
Diagnosis;
DXA scan that compares individuals with normal adults.
Treatment;
Medication such as anti-reabsorption medicines and calcium/vitamin D supplements.
What is the pathology and cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
Pathology;
Progressive joint destruction
Cause;
- Autoimmune
- genetic
- environmental
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
- pain/aching in joints
- stiffness in joints
- tenderness and swelling in joints
- weight loss
- fever and fatigue
- tiredness and weakness
Diagnosis and treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
Diagnosis;
Increased rheumatoid factors, ant-cap antibodies.
Decrease in bone density and Swelling.
- MRI
- ultrasound
- x rays
Treatment;
- anti-rheumatoid medication (DMARDs)
- suppress inflammation
- biologic response modifier
- NSAIDS and glucocorticoids
What is the pathology and cause for osteoarthritis?
Pathology;
Loss of cartilage, reduction in quality of cartilage, bone growth inflammation, synovial.
Cause;
Inflammation, imbalance between cartilage, degeneration and formation of cartilage.
Symptoms of osteoarthritis.
- pain
- joint stiffness
- loss of mobility
Diagnosis and treatment for osteoarthritis.
Diagnosis;
X-ray and MRI
Treatment;
- Loss weight via exercise
- Surgery
- NSAIDS
- bracing
What is the pathology and cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Pathology;
Muscle weakness
Cause;
Genetic mutations of dystrophin gene (no dystrophin). mainly boys as the mutation occurs on the mothers X chromosome.
Symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- wadding gait
- enlarge calfs
- respiratory failure
- scoliosis
- hear defects
Diagnosis and treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Diagnosis;
- Muscle biopsy
- genetic blood testing
Treatment;
- glucocorticoids to slow down condition (steroids).
What is the pathology and cause for Myotonic dystrophy?
Pathology and cause;
Weak muscle, contracted (tonic), and unable to relax. Genetic mutation.
Symptoms for Myotonic dystrophy.
Type 1;
- infants are very weak
- adults have muscle weakness, dropped facial feature, weak hands and legs
Type 2;
- only in adults, affects thighs, hips, shoulders, and elbows
Myotonia difficulty in relaxing muscles
Cataracts, insulin resistance, cardiac conduction defects.
Diagnosis and treatment for Myotonic dystrophy.
Diagnosis;
Generic testing, EMG and muscle biopsy.
Treatment;
- mobile supports (braces and wheelchairs)
- pacemaker
