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Neuroanatomy > Nervous System Development > Flashcards

Nervous System Development Flashcards

1
Q

Induces ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate

A

Notochord

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2
Q

Folds to give rise to the neural tube

A

Neural plate

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3
Q

Describe the ends of the neural tube

A
  • Anterior neuropore

- Posterior neuropore

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4
Q

Failure of anterior neuropore closing causes:

A

Upper neural tube defects (NTDs) such as anencephaly

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5
Q

Failure of posterior neuropore closing causes:

A

Lower NTDs such as spina bifida with myeloschisis

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6
Q

Rostral part of neural tube becomes:

A

The brain

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7
Q

Caudal part of neural tube becomes:

A

The spinal cord

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8
Q

Lumen of neural tube becomes:

A

Ventricles in brain and central canal in spinal cord

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9
Q

Part of ectoderm that becomes neural crest cells

A

Neuroectoderm

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10
Q

Cranial region neural crest cells become:

A
  • Pharyngeal arch muscles & connective tissue
  • Skull bones
  • Pia & arachnoid mater
  • Sensory ganglia (V, VII, IX, & X)
  • Parasympathetic ganglia including: ciliary (III), pterygopalatine (VII), submandibular (VII), & otic (IX)
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11
Q

Trunk region neural crest cells become:

A
  • Melanocytes
  • Schwann cells
  • Dorsal root ganglia
  • Sympathetic ganglia including: chain ganglia & prevertebral ganglia
  • Parasympathetic ganglia including: enteric & abdominal/pelvic cavity ganglia
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12
Q

Neurocristopathy

A

Any disease related to the maldevelopment of neural crest cells including:

  • Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
  • Schwannoma
  • Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1; Recklinghausen disease)
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13
Q

Name the primary brain vesicles (3) and associated flexures (2)

A
  • Prosencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon
  • Cephalic flexure
  • Cervical flexure
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14
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Aka Forebrain –> telencephalon & diencephalon

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15
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Aka Midbrain –> midbrain

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16
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Aka Hindbrain –> metencephalon and myelencephalon

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17
Q

Name the secondary brain vesicles (5)

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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18
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala

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19
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, choroid plexus, pineal bodies

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20
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Tegmentum, tectum, peduncular region

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21
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum

22
Q

Myencephalon

A

Medulla (brainstem)

23
Q

Cephalic flexure

A

Aka midbrain flexure, located between prosencephalon and rhombencephalon

24
Q

Cervical flexure

A

Located between rhombencephalon and future spinal cord

25
Q

Alar plate becomes:

A

Dorsal horn of spinal cord (sensory)

26
Q

Basal plate becomes:

A

Ventral horn of spinal cord (motor)

27
Q

Separates alar and basal plates

A

Sulcus limitans

28
Q

Gives rise to sacral and coccygeal segments of the spinal cord

A

Caudal eminence

29
Q

Myelination of axons in CNS accomplished by:

A

Oligodendrocytes

30
Q

Myelination of axons in PNS accomplished by:

A

Schwann cells

31
Q

Level of conus medullaris at birth

A

L3

32
Q

Level of conus medullaris as adult

A

L1-L2 interspace

33
Q

Cauda equina

A

Dorsal and ventral roots extending below the level of the conus medullaris

34
Q

Filum terminale

A

Nonneuronal filament of pia and dura mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

35
Q

Pattern of cerebral cortex development

A

Inside-out because newer cells deposited on outside while old cells stay on inside

36
Q

Position of white and grey matter in brain

A
  • Grey matter = superficial

- White matter = deep

37
Q

Position of white and grey matter in spinal cord

A
  • Grey matter = deep

- White matter = superficial

38
Q

Anterior pituitary aka:

A

Adenohypophysis

39
Q

Development of adenohypophysis

A

Stromodeum (primitive mouth cavity) –> Ectodermal diverticulum (Rathke’s pouch) –> adenohypophysis

40
Q

Posterior pituitary aka:

A

Neurohypophysis

41
Q

Development of neurohypophysis

A

Hypothalamus –> Neuroectodermal diverticulum (infundibulum) –> neurohypophysis

42
Q

Main cause of neural tube defects (NTDs)

A

Spina bifida (due to lack of folic acid during pregnancy)

43
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A
  • Least severe
  • Easy to spot bc of bump and hair on lumbosacral region
  • Vertebral canal does not close completely so leaves spinal cord partially exposed
44
Q

Spina bifida with meningocele

A

Meninges and CSF protruding through defect in vertebral canal

45
Q

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele

A

Meninges, spinal cord, and CSF protruding through defect in vertebral canal

46
Q

Spina bifida with rachischisis

A
  • Most severe form
  • Open neural tube that lies on surface of back
  • Caused by failure of posterior neuropore closing
  • Neural tube becomes necrotic and doesn’t form at all
47
Q

Cranium bifida with meningocele

A

Meninges protrude through skull defect and form sac filled with CSF

48
Q

Cranium bifida with meningoencephalocele

A

Meninges and brain protrude through the skull defect and form a sac filled with CSF

49
Q

Cranium bifida with meningohydroencephalocele

A

Meninges, brain, and portion of ventricle protrude through skull defect

50
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • Severe upper NTD caused by failure of anterior neuropore closing
  • Most common cause of still births because brain does not develop so incompatible with extrauterine life
51
Q

Arnoid-Chiari malformation

A
  • Herniation of posterior cranial structures through foramen magnum
  • Causes medulla oblongata compression and stretching of CN IX, X, & XII
  • Symptoms include: spastic dysphonia, difficulty swallowing, laryngeal stridor, diminished gag reflex, apnea, and vocal cord paralysis
52
Q

Microcephaly

A

Cranial vault smaller than usual due to lack of brain development leading to mental retardation and seizures

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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