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Neuroanatomy > Brain Introduction > Flashcards

Brain Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Directionality in the brain

A

Constant:

  • Medial/Lateral
  • Superior/Inferior

Below midbrain:

  • Rostral = superior
  • Caudal = inferior
  • Ventral = anterior
  • Dorsal = posterior

Above midbrain:

  • Rostral = anterior
  • Caudal = posterior
  • Ventral = inferior
  • Dorsal = anterior
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2
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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3
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side

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4
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons

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5
Q

Grey matter

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

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6
Q

Area of the spinal cord that is enlarged due to extra myelination

A

Cervical and lumbar (due to branches to UE and LE)

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7
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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8
Q

Fissure

A

Sulcus

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9
Q

Ridges with sulci as boundaries

A

Gyri

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10
Q

Central sulcus

A

Horizontal fissure separating frontal lobe from parietal lobe as well as precentral gyrus from postcentral gyrus

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11
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • In posterior superior parietal lobe of left hemisphere

- Responsible for comprehension of speech

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12
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Person will be able to speak (form words and phrases) clearly but speech will be telegraphic (nonsensical) due to a lack of language comprehension

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13
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • In inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere

- Responsible for the formulation of motor components of speech

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14
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Difficulty naming objects or repeating words although comprehension remains

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15
Q

Somatotopic organization of the precentral gyrus

A
  • Lateral = head
  • Dorsal = UE
  • Medial = LE
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16
Q

Premotor cortex

A
  • Located rostral to motor cortex - Helps initiate and sequence movements
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17
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • Rostral portion of frontal lobe -

- Responsible for processing of intellectual and emotional events

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18
Q

Insula

A
  • Seen only when temporal lobe is pulled away from rest of cortex
  • Convergence of temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices
  • Functions include: reception and integration of taste sensation, reception of viscerosensations, processing of pain sensations, and vestibular functions
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19
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A
  • Rostral border of parietal lobe
  • Primary receiving area for somesthetic (kinesthetic and tactile) information from the periphery (trunk and extremities)
  • Has somatotopic organization similar to precentral gyrus
  • Aka Broadman’s area 312
20
Q

Superior Parietal Lobe

A

Integrates sensory and motor functions and aids in programming complex motor functions associated with the premotor complex

21
Q

Superior temporal gyrus

A
  • Separated from parietal and frontal lobe by lateral (Sylvian) sulcus
  • Contains the gyri of Heschl which is the primary auditory receiving area
22
Q

Middle temporal gyrus

A

Associated with perception of moving objects in the visual field

23
Q

Inferior temporal gyrus

A

Associated with recognition of faces

24
Q

Calcarine sulcus

A

Divides the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe and contains the primary visual receiving area

25
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A
  • Located inferiorly to the precentral, poscentral, and premotor cortices
  • Part of the brain’s limbic system
  • Associated with emotional behavior, regulation of visceral processes, and learning
26
Q

Corpus callosum

A
  • Massive fiber pathway that allows for communication between equivalent regions of the two hemispheres
  • Located inferiorly to the cingulate gyrus
27
Q

Septum Pellucidum

A
  • Lies ventral to the corpus callosum
  • Forms a small cavity called the cavum of septum pellucidum which forms the medial walls of the lateral ventricles
  • Attached at its ventral border to the fornix
28
Q

Fornix

A
  • Major fiber arising from the hippocampus
  • Passes around the thalamus to transmit information from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus and septal area
  • Ends in mammillary bodies
29
Q

Diencephalon

A

Consists of the hypothalamus and thalamus

30
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Larger portion of the diencephalon

- Responsible for relaying and integrating information to different regions of the cerebral cortex

31
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Smaller structure in diencephalon
  • Lies ventral and anterior to the thalamus
  • Regulates visceral functions (temperature) and endocrine functions (feeding, drinking, emotion, and sexual behaviors) via secretion of hormones/ neurotransmitters from the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
32
Q

Olfactory bulb

A
  • Receives information from the olfactory cranial nerve (CN I)
  • Gives rise to the olfactory tract
  • Divides into the medial and lateral olfactory branches (striae):
  • Lateral striae conveys info to the temporal lobe and limbic structures
  • Medial striae conveys info to medial limbic structures and contralateral olfactory structures via the anterior commisure
33
Q

Structures that have very low threshold for induction of seizure and are commonly the focus of seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy

A

Hippocampal formation & amygdala

34
Q

Channels through which CSF exits the brain

A

Medial and lateral apertures

35
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Specialized epithelial cells on the roofs of ventricles that secrete CSF

36
Q

Order of ventricles from brain to spinal cord

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. Interventricular foramen
  3. 3rd ventricle (at diencephalon level)
  4. Cerebral aqueduct
  5. 4th ventricle
  6. Lateral and median apertures
37
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • Motor integration processes associated with cerebral cortex
  • Damage causes dyskinesias (disorders of movement at rest)
  • Composed of: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra
38
Q

Interna capsule

A
  • Located between the thalamus and putamen/globus pallidus

- Big fiber bundle that transmits info from the cerbral cortex to the forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord

39
Q

Limbic structures

A
  • Important in regulation of emotional behavior, short-term memory processes, control of autonomic and other visceral/hormonal functions associated with the hypothalamus
  • Includes amygdala (end of caudate nucleus) and hippocampus (origin of fornix and mammillary bodies)
40
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Important in integration, regulation, and coordination of motor proceses
  • Damage causes loss of balance, coordinated movements, hypotonia, and errors in movement when producing a specific response
  • Attached to brainstem via cerebellar peduncles (pons = middle cerebellar peduncles, medulla = inferior cerbellar peduncles)
41
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Visual functions

42
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Auditory functions

43
Q

Name of cerebellar lobes

A
  • Anterior = spinal cord input
  • Flocculondular = vestibular input
  • Posterior = cortical input
  • Vermis = midline region
44
Q

Crus cerebri

A
  • Large fiber bundle passing from cerebral hemispheres to lower brainstem and spinal cord at level of midbrain.
  • Part of descending motor pathway communicating signals from cortex to brainstem to spinal cord
45
Q

Pyramid

A

Protuberance best seen in medulla that originated in cerebral cortex and carries fiber bundles from internal capsule and cerebral peduncles of midbrain to spinal cord

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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