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Neuroanatomy > Auditory > Flashcards

Auditory Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of outer ear

A

Ear pinna & external auditory meatus (canal)

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2
Q

Function of outer ear

A

To transmit sound to tympanic membrane

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3
Q

Parts of middle ear

A

Ossicles and Eustachian Tube

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4
Q

Name the ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

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5
Q

Function of the ossicles

A

Transmit sound from tympanic membrane to oval window and amplify sound

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6
Q

Function of Eustachian tube

A

Equilibrate air pressure between inner and outer ear

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7
Q

Parts of inner ear

A

Cochlea, perilymph, and endolymph

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8
Q

Bone surrounding cochlea

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

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9
Q

Describe bone conduction

A

Vibration of the bones in the skull causes the air within the ear canal, and therefore fluid within the inner ear, to oscillate, transmitting sound

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10
Q

Desribe ossicular conduction

A

Vibrations pass from air into inner ear, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, and cochlear fluid (in that order)

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11
Q

What is the most important type of conduction?

A

Ossicular conduction

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12
Q

What is the frequency of a sound wave related to?

A

Pitch

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13
Q

What is the amplitude of a sound wave related to?

A

Intensity (loudness)

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14
Q

Which muscle in the middle ear is innervated by a branch of the trigeminal nerve, originates at the malleus, and inserts near the Eustachian tube?

A

Tensor typmani muscle

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15
Q

Which muscle of the middle ear is innervated by a branch of the facial nerve, originates at the stapes, and attaches to the wall of the middle ear?

A

Stapedius muscle

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16
Q

Function of stapedius muscle

A

Attenuate how loud our voice seems when we speak

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17
Q

What is the name of the apex of the cochlea?

A

Helicotrema

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18
Q

Describe the bony labyrinth

A
  • Made up of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

- Contains perilymph

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19
Q

What is the course of scala vestibuli?

A

Oval window to helicotrema

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20
Q

What membrane separates the scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct?

A

Vestibular membrane (aka Reissner’s membrane)

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21
Q

What is the course of scala tympani?

A

Helicotrema to round window

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22
Q

What membrane separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct?

A

Basilar membrane

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23
Q

What is another name for the cochlear duct?

A

Scala media

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24
Q

What sits on the basilar membrane?

A

Organ of Corti

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25
Q

Describe the membranous labyrinth

A
  • Portion of inner ear containing the cochlear duct and Organ of Corti
  • Filled with endolymph
  • Important because this is where transduction of sound waves to nervous impulses occurs
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26
Q

What bone sits on the membrane of the oval window?

A

Stapes

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27
Q

Where does the perilymph come from?

A

Periosteal lining of scala tympani and vestibuli

28
Q

Describe perilymph

A
  • Secreted by periosteal lining
  • High in sodium and chlorine ion, low in protein
  • Only in bony labyrinth
  • Deposited into subarachnoid space via the perilymphatic duct
29
Q

Where does endolymph come from?

A

Stria vascularis

30
Q

Describe endolymph

A
  • Secreted by stria vascularis
  • Low in protein and sodium, high in potassium
  • Only in membranous labyrinth
  • Reabsorbed into blood through subdural endolymphatic sac
31
Q

What are stereocilia?

A

Hair cell cilia in organ of corti that is v-shaped, tethered together, and pointed toward the spiral ligament

32
Q

How many rows of outer hair cells are there?

A

3

33
Q

How many rows of inner hair cells are there?

A

1

34
Q

Which hair cells insert into the tectorial membrane?

A

Outer hair cells

35
Q

What are olivocochlear nerve fibers?

A

Fibers in the cochlear nerve that send inhibitory signals to outer hair cells

36
Q

What are columnar or cuboidal cells?

A

Support cells adjacent to the hair cells in the Organ of Corti

37
Q

How are oscillations transmitted to the basilar membrane?

A

1) Tympanic membrane –> 2) ossicles –> 3) oval window –> 4) scala vestibuli –> 5) vestibular membrane –> 6) cochlear duct –> 7) basilar membrane

38
Q

Describe the tonotopic map

A

Different areas of the basilar membrane oscillate optimally at different frequencies of sound

39
Q

What is the electrochemical potential of the endolymph and what causes it predominantly?

A

+ 80V, caused by the high K+ concentration

40
Q

Most sensory transduction occurs via which row of hair cells?

A

Inner row of hair cells

41
Q

What is the purpose of outer hair cells?

A

To amplify movements of cilia of the inner hair cells

42
Q

What movement of stereocilia causes depolarization of hair cells?

A

Movement toward the kinocilia

bc opens K+ channels and increases K+ permeability

43
Q

What movement of stereocilia causes hyperpolarization of hair cells?

A

Movement away from kinocilia

bc closes K+ channels and decreases K+ permeability

44
Q

What happens when hair cells depolarize?

A

Voltage-gated calcium channels open

45
Q

What does increased calcium cause to happen in the hair cells?

A

Calcium triggers release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles of hair cells

46
Q

What neurotransmitter causes depolarization of cochlear nerve fiber terminals and increases action potential discharge to the CNS?

A

Glutamate

47
Q

What is the tonotopic distribution of hair cells and their associated cochlear nerve fibers?

A
  • Hair cells near the oval window = respond to high frequency sounds preferentially
  • Hair cells near helicotrema = respond to low frequency sounds preferentially
48
Q

What ganglion is associated with the peripheral auditory pathway?

A

Spiral ganglion

49
Q

What type of neurons are located within the spiral ganglion?

A

Bipolar neurons

50
Q

What nerve branches innervate the cochlear hair cells?

A

The peripheral branches of the bipolar neurons in the spiral ganglion

51
Q

What nerve branches provide afferent innervation to the internal auditory canal?

A

The central branches of the bipolar neurons in the spiral ganglion

52
Q

What do the cochlear nerve fibers terminate as in the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction?

A

Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

53
Q

Which of the cochlear nuclei is larger?

A

Ventral cochlear nuclei

54
Q

What do cochlear nerve fibers in the ventral cochlear nuclei project to?

A

Ipsilateral and contralateral superior olivary nuclei in the pons

55
Q

What is the trapezoid body?

A

Midline crossing of the axons from the the ventral cochlear nucleus to the ipsilateral and contralateral superior olivary nuclei

56
Q

Where do the cochlear nerve fibers in the superior olivary nuclei project to?

A

Bilateral inferior colliculi via the nuclei of lateral lemniscus

57
Q

Where do cochlear nerve fibers in the dorsal cochlear nuclei project to?

A

Across the floor of the 4th ventricle to enter contralateral lateral lemniscus and terminate in the inferior colliculi

58
Q

Where does the inferior colliculus relay auditory information to?

A

Opposite inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, and superior colliculus

59
Q

What are cochlear nerve projections to the superior colliculus related to?

A

“Auditory space” space processing, or figuring out location in space based upon sounds

60
Q

Where does the medial geniculate relay auditory information to?

A

Auditory cortex, specifically Heschl’s gyri (Broadman’s area 41)

61
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

Impaired transmission of vibrations to basilar membrane

62
Q

Can conduction deafness be cured/repaired?

A

Yes, using hearing aids

63
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Hair cell damage due to infection or old age

64
Q

Can sensorineural deafness be cured/repaired?

A

No

65
Q

What is neural deafness?

A

Unilateral deafness usually caused by a tumor in the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle

66
Q

Can neural deafness be cured/repaired?

A

Neural deafness can sometimes be surgically corrected

67
Q

What is central deafness?

A

Deafness caused by a central nervous system lesion

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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