Nervous system and special senses

Question 1

which 2 system comprise the CNS

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

what does the peripheral nervous system do ?

Answer 2

enervate the body

arise from the cranial and spinal nerves

Question 3

what is the function of blood brain barrier

Answer 3

comprised of astrocytes wrapping around the capillaries
ensures brain is immunologically privileged
prevents admission of some therapeutic compounds

Question 4

what is the importance of myelin

Answer 4

allow for saltatory conduction

lipid rich substance which envelopes certain neurones

Question 5

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 5

Chronic inflammatory condition that affect the brain and spinal cord

Question 6

what are the factor that can contribute to MS

Answer 6

highest in temperate climatic zones
more common in Caucasians
women are 2x more likely to develop MS than men
HLA-DR15

Question 7

what is vitamin D known for

Answer 7

modulate the immune response

Question 8

clinical manifestation of MS

Answer 8

inflammatory response
it depends on which region of CNS that lesion occurs in:
- corticospinal ms
- spinal ms
- cerebellar MS

Question 9

causes of MS

Answer 9

autoreactive immune cells target myelin antigens and destroy them
causing the neurones to apoptose

Question 10

what diagnosis is used in the multiple sclerosis

Answer 10

McDonald criteria

Question 11

what is Guillain - Barre syndrome

Answer 11

acute disorder of the peripheral nerves that causes weakness and paralysis in the limbs

Question 12

causes of guillain - barre syndrome

Answer 12

associated with infection

commonly from the campylobacter jejuni

Question 13

how many neurotransmitters is known of atm

Answer 13

46

Question 14

what is Parkinson’s diseases

Answer 14

a complex motor disorder that leads patients to have bradykinesia, postural abnormalities, tremor & rigidity

causing movement-related deficit

Question 15

function of dopamine

Answer 15

essential neurotransmitter for motor control

Question 16

what specialised cells produces dopamine in the brain

Answer 16

substantia nigra

Question 17

what does dopamine do in the brain?

Answer 17

associated with feelings of rewards, motivation and being productive

Question 18

what could lead to loss of dopamine in PD?

Answer 18

the interactivity of the direct motor pathway

overactivity of the indirect motor pathway

cognitive symptoms

Question 19

what causes the loss of dopaminergic nerurones

Answer 19

mitochondrial dysfunciton
oxidative stress
inflammation

Question 20

how L-Dopa treat PD?

Answer 20

precursor for dopamine

could convert into dopamine by DOPA

Question 21

what can you used to classified PD’s severity?

Answer 21

Hoehn and Yahr scale

Question 22

what are the special senses

Answer 22

sight
hearing
taste
smell

Question 23

what are the responsible for rods and cones in the eye

Answer 23

rods - responsible for peripheral vision and dim-light

Cones - colour and detail receptors

Question 24

what is accommodation in terms of the eye

Answer 24

ability of the eye to change its focus

Question 25

what muscles allow lens to change its shape

Answer 25

ciliary muscle

Question 26

define these terms

• Myopia

- Hyperopia

Answer 26

Myopia ==> short sightedness

Hyperopia ==> long sightedness

Question 27

what causes accommodation disorders

Answer 27

ciliary muscle disease

astigmatism (blurry vision / 散光)

Question 28

what is cataracts

Answer 28

cloudy or opaque area in the ocular lens

causing blindness

Question 29

common associated with cataracts

Answer 29

changes in the metabolism of cells
changes in fluid transport
increase in age

Question 30

what does retina do ?

Answer 30

converts light into an electrical signal

Question 31

how many layers does human retina has and what are they

Answer 31

neural tissue
photoreceptors
supporting tissues

Question 32

what are the 2 main forms of photoreceptors

Answer 32

cone cells

rod cells

Question 33

what is rhodopsin

Answer 33

main photoreceptor and is made of 2 components:

• opsin
• retinal

Question 34

explain opsin and retinal

Answer 34

opsin - transmembrane protein

a compound which can absorb light

Question 35

what are the 3 types of cone cells in the retina

Answer 35

S cone

M cone

L cone

Question 36

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates

Answer 36

circadian rhythms in the body

Question 37

where is suprachiasmatic nucleus located

Answer 37

anterior part of the hypothalamus

Question 38

what does superior colliculus does

Answer 38

incorporating environmental stimuli and coordinating gaze shift involving both eye and head movement

• receiving signal from the responsive movements*