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MSE - 2006 Clinical Physiology > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Define anaemia

A

insufficient red cell mass to adequately deliver sufficient oxygen to peripheral tissues

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2
Q

symptoms of anemia

give at least 10 example

A
  • yellow eyes
  • pale, cold and yellow skin
  • shortness of breath
  • weakness
  • changed stool color
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
  • fainting
  • low blood pressure
  • palpitations
  • rapid heart rate
  • chest pain
  • angina
  • heart attack
  • enlargement in the spleen
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3
Q

state the mechanisms of anaemia

A 
oxygen transport
v
production of erythropoeitin
v
RBC production
v
Haemoglobin concentration
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4
Q

what is a microcytosis and what condition can it cause?

A

decrease in size of erythrocytes

indicative of

  • anaemia
  • thalassaemia
  • hyperthyroidism
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5
Q

what is macrocytosis and what it result from?

A

increase in the size of erythrocytes

found in B12 deficiency

result of certain prescription drugs

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6
Q

hypochromia

A

deficiency of colouration of cells, which caused by a deficit of Hb

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7
Q

What is the use of anisochromia?

A

used to determine the increased variability of staining

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8
Q

how to diagnosis anaemia

A

to check on the patient’s reticulocyte response either positive / negative ( the inflammation response from various changes of the tissue cells)

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9
Q

what if MCV < 75fl?

A

investigate for Fe deficiency

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10
Q

What if MCV > 100fl

A

Investigate for the vitamin B12 deficiency

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11
Q

What if MCV 75-100fl

A

investigate for anaemia of chronic disorder

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12
Q

What to check if the reticulocyte response was positive?

A

investigate for bleeding / haemolytic anaemia

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13
Q

what is the dietary recommendation for iron daily intake?

A

2mg

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14
Q

what regulates iron absorption into the ciruculation?

A

Hepcidin

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15
Q

How does hepcidin regulates iron absorption?

A

it inhibits the protein ferroportin which pumps out the iron

–> reduce the iron level

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16
Q

where is iron absorbed?

A

duodenum

17
Q

what is transferrin?

A

Beta-globulin protein that can carry 2 Fe3+ ions per molecule

18
Q

Which 2 forms is iron stored in?

A

Haemosiderin

Ferritin

19
Q

how haemosiderin be visualised?

A

perl’s stain

20
Q

why people develop iron deficiency?

A

decreased supply of Fe

Increased requirement for Fe

21
Q

symptoms of Fe deficiency

A

Glossitis - smooth, inflamed tongue

Koilonychia - spooning fingernails

Angular stromatitis - lesion at the corner of the mouth

Pica

behavioural difficulties

22
Q

Treatment for Fe deficiency

A

Dietary changes

Iron supplementation

23
Q

Macrocytic and megaloblastic

A

Macrocytic –> large erythrocytes and found in many conditions.

Megaloblastic –> reserved to describe macrocytosis duo to retardation in DNA synthesis

24
Q

2 uses of vitamin B12 metabolic pathways

A

Conversion of l-methylmalonyl coenzyme a to succinyl co-enzyme A

methylation of homocysteine to methionine

25
Q

where is Vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

terminal ileum

26
Q

two carrier protein that have a transporter role in Vitamin B12 homeostasis

A
  • Transcobalamin I

- Transcobalamin II

27
Q

2 important folates

A

N-5,10-methyleneTHF

N-5-methyleneTHF

28
Q

What is folates?

A

chemical belonging to the folic acid family

29
Q

role of folate

A

act as single carbon donors/acceptors in a variety of reaction

synthesis of methionine
histidine catabolism
converts serine to glycine
purine synthesis
pyrimidine synthesis
30
Q

where does folate stored in the body

A

liver

31
Q

diet consumption of folate

A

700ug of folate per day with heat labile

32
Q

Where is the folate absorption in?

A

upper jejunum

33
Q

what is the process that folate need to do before getting absorbed

A

polyglutamate must be converted to monoglutamates

e.g.
folic acids –> N-5-methyleneTHF which circulates freely in the blood

34
Q

what are essential for the process of producing mature nucleotides?

A

folate and vitamin B12

35
Q

deficiency in vitamin B12 can arise from

A

inadequate dietary intake

malabsorption

increased requirements

failure of utilisation

36
Q

folate deficiency can cause from

A

inadequate dietary intake

malabsorption –> crohn’s disease

drug-induced folate deficiency

37
Q

symptoms of megaloblastic anemia

A 
weak muscles
numbness or tingling in hands and feet
nausea
decreased appetite
weight loss
irritability
lack of energy or tiring easily
diarrhoea
increased heart rate 
stomatitis
glossitis
jaundice

MSE - 2006 Clinical Physiology (6 decks)

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