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nervous system and eye Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the reflex arc

A

stimulus-> receptor-> sensory neurones-> CNS-> motor neurone-> effector-> response

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2
Q

how does a signal cross a gap between nerve cells

A

chemical

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3
Q

what is a rapid response

A

reflex

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4
Q

what is a nerve cell called

A

a neurone

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5
Q

what transmits signal to the CNS

A

sensory neurone

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6
Q

what is a gap between 2 nerve cells

A

synapse

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7
Q

what is something detected by the nervous system

A

stimulus

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8
Q

what detects a change in the surroundings

A

receptor

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9
Q

what transmits signals away from the CNS

A

motor neurone

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10
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

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11
Q

what are 3 examples of things homeostasis controls

A

internal body temperature, blood pH, CO2 content of blood

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12
Q

how does homeostasis work

A

negative feedback- when something increases above the normal, the response decreases it back to the normal and vice versa

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13
Q

what is a stimulus

A

a change in the environment

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14
Q

what does a receptor do

A

detects the change in the enviaronment

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15
Q

what does the sensory neurone do

A

transmission of electrical signals

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16
Q

what does the motor neurone do

A

transmission of electrical impulses

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17
Q

what is an effector

A

a muscle or gland

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18
Q

what is the response

A

contraction or secretion

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19
Q

what is the stimulus when a light flashes in your eye

A

flash of light

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20
Q

what is the receptor when a light flashes in your eye

A

retina

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21
Q

what is the sensory neurone when light flashes in your eye

A

optic nerve

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22
Q

what is the CNS when a light flashes in your eye

A

brain

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23
Q

what is the motor neurone when a light flashes in your eye

A

motor nerve to iris

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24
Q

what is the effector when a light flashes in your eye

A

iris

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25
Q

what is the response when a light flashes in your eye

A

constriction of the pupil

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26
Q

what is the stimulus, sense organ and receptor for sight

A

light, eyes, retina

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27
Q

what is the stimulus, sense organ and receptor for hearing

A

sound, ears, cochlea

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28
Q

what is the stimulus, sense organ and receptor for taste

A

chemical, tongue, taste bud

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29
Q

what is the stimulus, sense organ and receptor for smell

A

chemicals in the air, nose, chemoreceptor

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30
Q

what is the stimulus, sense organ and receptor for touch

A

pressure, skin, sensory nerve endings

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31
Q

what is the stimulus, sense organ and receptor for balance

A

change in position, ear, semi circular canals

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32
Q

where are dendron and what do they do

A

at the end of a nerve cell, they carry nerve signals/impulses towards the cell body

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33
Q

where is the axon and what does it do

A

the axon is the middle tube going throughout the neurone, it carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

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34
Q

where is the myelin sheath and what does it do

A

it is the tube outside the axon, it covers and insulates the neurone

35
Q

what are the 3 neurone types and what does each one do

A

sensory neurone- carries signals towards the CNS, motor neurones- carry impulses to the effectors, relay neurones- carry signals between the sensory and motor neurones

36
Q

what is the advantages of fast reflexes

A

quick response to danger

37
Q

how do electrical messages cross the synapse

A

electrical signals convert to chemical signals however it takes a while to convert

38
Q

how are the chemical signals able to cross the synapse

A

diffusion

39
Q

what are the chemical signals called

A

neurotransmitters

40
Q

how are the neurotransmitters converted back into electrical impulses

A

attaches to the membrane on the next neurone and sets off the axon

41
Q

what are the large folds on the outside of the brain called

A

the cerebral cortex

42
Q

what is the bit on the back of the brain called

A

the cerebellum

43
Q

what is the thing that connects the brain to the rest of the body called

A

the medulla oblongata

44
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

largest part of the brain and the outermost layer is the cerebral cortex while the whole thing is the cerebrum

45
Q

why does the cerebral cortex have folds and wrinkles

A

increases SA so more info can be processed

46
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

the wrinkled ball of tissue below the rest of the brain at the back

47
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

combines sensory info from eyes, ears and muscles to coordinate movement

48
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do

A

controls vitals E.g. breathing, also important for sleep and helps transfer messages from the brain to the spinal cord

49
Q

where are the lobes located

A

in the cerebrum

50
Q

what does the frontal lobe do

A

controls thinking, planning, organising, problem solving, short term memory and movement

51
Q

what does the parietal do

A

interprets sensory info

52
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

processes images from your eyes and links them to images stored in memory

53
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A

processes info from your senses and play a role in memory storage

54
Q

what is an MRI

A

a type of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body

55
Q

how has the brain been studied (3)

A

studying patients with brain damage, electrically stimulating different parts to see what happens, using MRI scans

56
Q

what is an EEG

A

a recording of brain activity

57
Q

how does an EEG work

A

small sensors attached to your scalp pick up electric signals produced when brain cells send messages to each other. these are then picked up by a machine and checked by a doctor to see if anything is unusual

58
Q

what is the function of the retina

A

Contains receptor cells called rods and cones which are sensitive to light

59
Q

what is the function of the fovea

A

maximum density of cone cells found here as most of the light is refracted here by the lens

60
Q

what is the function of the sclera

A

tough outer coating to protect the eye

61
Q

what is the function of the cornea

A

where 70% of the light is refracted into the eye

62
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve

A

where the information from the receptor cells collects and the nerve impulses from the retina are carried to the brain

63
Q

what is the function of the iris

A

control the amount of light entering the eye

64
Q

what is the function of the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

A

change the shape of the lens

65
Q

ligaments don’t contract and relax they

A

slacken and tauten

66
Q

what is the function of the pupil

A

hole that lets light into the eye

67
Q

what is the function of the lens

A

refracts the light onto the retina

68
Q

what happens when your eyes are in dim light(5)

A

pupil dilation, radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax, amount of light entering eye increases, size of pupil increases

69
Q

what happens when your eyes are in bright light(5)

A

pupil constriction, radial muscles relax, circular muscles contract, size of pupil decreases, amount of light entering pupil decreases

70
Q

how do the eyes focus on near objects(4)

A

ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments loosen, lens is thicker and refracts light rays strongly, rays of light converge on retina

71
Q

how do the eyes focus on far objects(4)

A

ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tauten, lens is pulled thin and only slightly refracts light, rays of light converge on the retina

72
Q

what is short sightedness called

A

myopia

73
Q

what is myopia

A

short sightedness, can’t focus on distant objects

74
Q

how is myopia treated

A

concave lens

75
Q

how is myopia caused(2)

A

eyeball too long, lens too thick

76
Q

what is long sightedness called

A

hyperopia

77
Q

what is hyperopia

A

long sightedness can’t focus on close objects

78
Q

how is hyperopia treated

A

convex lens

79
Q

how is hyperopia caused(2)

A

eyeball too short, lens too thin

80
Q

what is presbyopia and how is it treated(3)

A

old sight, can’t focus on near objects, reading glasses(convex lens)

81
Q

what causes presbyopia(2)

A

loss of elasticity in lens, weaker muscles

82
Q

why does body temperature need to be controlled

A

for efficient enzyme activity

83
Q

why does blood sugar levels need to be controlled

A

cells need to be provided with the right amount of energy

84
Q

why does water content of blood need to be controlled

A

too much water moving in and out of cells will damage them

biology (4 decks)

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