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heart and blood flow Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why is the heart called a double pump

A

it pumps blood twice, once tot he lungs and once around the body.

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2
Q

how is the blood on the left different from the blood on the right

A

left is oxygenated right is deoxygenated. these sides do not mix

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3
Q

what tissue makes up most of the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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4
Q

what does the heart need to keep working

A

energy ( glucose and oxygen through the blood)

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5
Q

how is energy supplied to the heart

A

respiration and and blood through the coronary arteries

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6
Q

why is the left ventricle the biggest chamber

A

thicker muscle wall because it needs to contract stronger to provide more pressure to send blood to the body.

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7
Q

where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart and through what

A

right atrium through the vena cava

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8
Q

what happens when the atriums relax

A

blood enters them

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9
Q

what happens when the atriums contract

A

blood is forced through the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles

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10
Q

what happens when the RV contracts

A

blood is forced past the semi lunar valves and along the pulmonary artery to the lungs. the atrioventricular valve closes.

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11
Q

what are the valves anchored by

A

heartstrings/ valve tendons

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12
Q

what happens when the ventricles relax

A

the semi lunar valves close

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13
Q

where does blood enter the LA from and through what

A

the lungs through the pulmonary vein

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14
Q

what happens when the LV contracts

A

blood is forced past the semi lunar valves into the aorta

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15
Q

what does the aorta do

A

distributes blood to all the organs where it becomes deoxygenated

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16
Q

does the right and the left of the heart contract and relax in synchrony

A

yes

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17
Q

do all for chambers have different internal volumes

A

no- they all have the same

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18
Q

what happens in stage 1 of the cardiac cycle

A

heart relaxes and blood enters both atria

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19
Q

what happens in stage 2 of the cardiac cycle

A

Atria contract at the same time forcing blood into the ventricles

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20
Q

what happens in stage 3 of the cardiac cycle

A

ventricles contract forcing blood into the pulmonary artery or aorta

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21
Q

why is the structure of a fish heart different to a human one

A

they have a single circulatory system due to not being very active as the water helps them fight gravity. their blood is at a lower pressure.

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22
Q

how is the structure of a fish heart different to a humans

A

fish blood goes from body-gills-heart-body instead of body-heart-lungs-heart-body. fish also only have 1 atrium and ventricle.

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23
Q

what are some advantages of a heart transplant

A

QoL improvement, can save lives allows exercise freely

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24
Q

what are some advantages of artificial hearts

A

good temporary measure, lifesaving

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25
Q

what are some heart transplant disadvantages

A

few donor hearts, long recovery time, expensive, risk of rejection

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26
Q

what are some disadvantages of an artificial heart

A

have to carry a 7kg pump round with you, pump noisy, expensive to maintain, limits you

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27
Q

what happens if a coronary artery becomes blocked

A

reduced blood flow to cardiac muscle- less oxygen and glucose delivered for respiration- lack of energy- muscle stops

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28
Q

what chemical sticks to the walls of blood vessels

A

cholesterol

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29
Q

what are fatty deposits called

A

Atheroma

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30
Q

what are 3 consequences of cholesterol sticking to the lining of coronary arteries

A
  1. blocks artery,- diameter of vessel reduced
  2. if membrane breaks, blood clots can form
  3. heart attack
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31
Q

what is the blood blockage called

A

clot/Thrombosis

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32
Q

what is Angina

A

heart pain when you do exercise, arteries got some fatty deposits but not too many however it still takes a while for oxygen and glucose to reach them. warning sign of cardiac arrest.

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33
Q

what is a cardiac arrest

A

heart stops beating due to too much fat so blood cant get through and the cells are starved resulting in them shutting down

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34
Q

what are some unavoidable factors for getting heart disease

A

age, genetics, gender

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35
Q

what are some avoidable factors for getting heart disease

A

diet, exercise, smoking

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36
Q

what 3 things can be done to reduce chances of a heart attack

A
  1. exercise regularly- at least 90 mins a week
  2. eat healthy- balanced diet
  3. don’t smoke
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37
Q

what does a stent do

A

Used to widen an artery

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38
Q

what conditions can a stent treat

A

a heart attack or fatty build ups in the arteries.

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39
Q

how is a stent inserted

A

A catheter is inserted through the groin to the artery. This catheter has a balloon in some steel. When this reaches the artery, the balloon is inflated, widening the artery allowing blood to go through the artery at a normal rate.

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40
Q

what are 3 advantages of stents

A

Long term effect​

Swift and simple recovery​

Not very invasive compared to other options

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41
Q

what are 3 disadvantages of stents

A

Blood vessel may collapse​

Allergic reaction to stent material​

Blood clot forming on the stent

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42
Q

what do artificial valves do and what do they replace

A

Diseased and damaged heart valves. These new ones do the same job as heart valves are supposed to

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43
Q

how are artificial valves placed in your body

A

2 ways- 1 way is through surgery where your chest is cut open and your heart is stopped and temporarily replaced by a machine. The second way is inserting a tube through the groin where a folded valve comes on top of the original.

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44
Q

what are some advantages of biological artificial valves(3)

A

Doesn’t require blood thinners​

Lower risk of clots forming​

Works with pregnancy

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45
Q

what are some disadvantages of biological artificial valves(3)

A

Only lasts 8-15 years​

Degenerates which affects the valves​

Costs 2x as much as mechanical

46
Q

what are some advantages of mechanical artificial valves(3)

A

20-30+ years lasting​

Doesn’t degrade over time​

Low price

47
Q

what are some disadvantages of mechanical artificial valves(3)

A

Requires medication for a lifetime​

Higher chance of blood clots​

Risk of foetal malformations

48
Q

what does a pacemaker do

A

it tells your heart to beat by sending electric signals

49
Q

what does an artificial pacemaker treat

A

Abnormally fast/slow heartbeats, heart blocks and cardiac arrest.

50
Q

how is an artificial pacemaker placed in your body

A

The generator is placed under the skin near the collarbone on the left of the chest. A wire is then directed through the vena cava to the pacemaker in your heart.

51
Q

what are some advantages of an artificial pacemaker(3)

A

Improve quality of life for people with slow heart rates, allowing them to do exercise without getting shortness of breath​

Quick recovery​

Common surgery

52
Q

what are some disadvantages of an artificial pacemaker(3)

A

Could malfunction leading to further surgery​

Need regular check ups​

May feel uncomfortable

53
Q

what is the direction of blood flow in an artery

A

from heart

54
Q

what is the direction of blood flow in a vein

A

to heart

55
Q

what is the oxygen content of blood in an artery

A

oxygenated

56
Q

what is the oxygen content of blood in a vein

A

deoxygenated

57
Q

what vein and artery carries the opposite blood oxygen content to normal

A

pulmonary

58
Q

what is the CO2 content of blood in an artery

A

low

59
Q

what is the CO2 content of blood in a vein

A

high

60
Q

what is the blood pressure in an artery

A

high

61
Q

what is the blood pressure in a vein

A

low

62
Q

what is the speed of flow in an artery

A

high

63
Q

what is the speed of flow in a vein

A

low

64
Q

is there a pulse in an artery

A

yes

65
Q

is there a pulse in a vein

A

no

66
Q

how thick is the wall in an artery

A

thick

67
Q

how thick is the wall in a vein

A

thinner

68
Q

are there valves in an artery

A

no

69
Q

are there valves in a vein

A

yes

70
Q

what is the diameter of lumen to wall thickness in an artery

A

small

71
Q

what is the diameter of lumen to wall thickness in a vein

A

large

72
Q

what is a capillary

A

a small blood vessel that links veins to arteries

73
Q

where are capillaries found

A

in the organs normally but can be found around the body

74
Q

what substances pass out of the blood through the capillaries wall to the organs(3)

A

oxygen, glucose, soluble products of digestion

75
Q

what substance goes into the capillaries from the tissue

A

CO2

76
Q

how do substances move between the blood and the tissues

A

diffusion through the cell wall

77
Q

what adaptations does the capillary have that allows cells to easily diffuse through it

A

1 cell thick walls and permeable

78
Q

how much of the blood is cells

A

45%

79
Q

what do WBC do

A

fight infections

80
Q

what are the 2 types of WBC and what do they do

A

lymphocytes- make antibodies
phagocytes- engulf microbes

81
Q

what do RBC do

A

carry O2

82
Q

what do platelets do

A

clot

83
Q

how much of the blood is plasma

A

55%

84
Q

how much of the plasma is water

A

90%

85
Q

what is in plasma other then water

A

dissolved solutes

86
Q

what are the 5 types of dissolved solutes

A

protein, waste, hormones, products of digestion, minerals

87
Q

what are the 3 types of proteins

A

antibodies, clotting factors and cholesterolq(LDLs and HDLs)

88
Q

what are the 3 products of digestion

A

glucose, amino acids and glycerol

89
Q

what are the 3 waste types

A

CO2, urea and lactic acid

90
Q

what 3 features make the RBC adapted to its function

A

a biconcave shape, no nucleus and contains haemoglobin

91
Q

how does a RBC benefit from a biconcave shape

A

gives a higher SA to volume ratio allowing more room for diffusion which increases the efficiency of the cell

92
Q

how does a RBC benefit from having no nucleus

A

it increases the room for haemoglobin which increases the amount of O2 that can be carried

93
Q

how does a RBC benefit from having haemoglobin

A

binds to O2 readily allowing it to be transported and the tissues to be supplied with oxygen

94
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

a molecule that sticks to oxygen and transports it from the lungs to the tissues, it ahs a red pigment

95
Q

what is oxyhaemoglobin

A

it is the combined molecule of oxygen and haemoglobin

96
Q

where is oxyhaemoglobin found mostly

A

the lungs

97
Q

what mineral is needed for haemoglobin

A

iron

98
Q

why do people with an iron deficiency suffer from anaemia

A

they have less haemoglobin so cant carry as much O2

99
Q

what are good dietary sources of iron

A

spinach and red meat

100
Q

where does haemoglobin bind with O2

A

lungs

101
Q

what colour do the cells turn when Oxygen and haemoglobin combine

A

bright red

102
Q

what does haemoglobin release in the organs

A

O2

103
Q

how does the O2 get in the cells

A

diffusion

104
Q

what are platelets and what do they do

A

small fragments of cells involved in blood clotting

105
Q

what is blood clotting

A

a series of chemical reactions that turn fibrinogen into fibrin

106
Q

what does lots of fibrin form

A

a network of fibres

107
Q

what do fibres do

A

trap blood cells and form clots

108
Q

what do clots harden to form

A

scabs

109
Q

what blood vessel connects the liver to the gut

A

hepatic portal vein

110
Q

what artery gives blood to the liver

A

hepatic

111
Q

what artery gives blood to the gut

A

mesenteric

112
Q

what artery gives blood to the kidneys

A

renal

biology (4 decks)

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