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defence against disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cancer

A

the uncontrolled growth of cells, mitosis is faulty

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a benign tumour(5)

A

don’t invade other tissues, grow in 1 place, usually contained in a membrane, can grow large very quickly, can cause pressure and damage organs

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a malignant tumour(8)

A

can invade healthy tissues, live longer, rapid division, can spread around the body, can completely disrupt normal tissues, can form secondary tumours elsewhere, can split into clumps and spread in the bloodstream

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3
Q

what cancers does smoking lead to(4)

A

stomach, mouth, lung, throat

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4
Q

what cancers does alcohol lead to(2)

A

brain, liver

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5
Q

what cancer does ray exposure lead to

A

skin

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6
Q

what increases the risk of cancer(4)

A

smoking, alcohol, wave exposure, genetics

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7
Q

why do we use sunscream in the summer

A

protect skin from harmful UV rays so reduce risk of cancer

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8
Q

why can’t pregnant women be x rayed

A

x ray radiation could harm the unborn baby, so it could give it cancer

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9
Q

why were schools shut down when asbestos was found in them

A

asbestos lodges in the lungs and creates lung cancer so when breathed in it is dangerous

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10
Q

why are girls routinely vaccinated against HPV

A

HPV contraction can lead to cervical cancer

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11
Q

why is your family history checked when checking for breast cancer

A

genetic heritage could pass on genes that cause breast cancer

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12
Q

what does obesity increase the risk of

A

coronary heart disease

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13
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes infectious diseases

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14
Q

what are the 4 pathogen types

A

bacteria, virus, fungi, protists

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15
Q

what is the size of bacteria

A

0.2- 2 micrometres

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16
Q

what is the size of virus

A

20-400 nanometres

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17
Q

what is the size of fungi

A

3-4 micrometres

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18
Q

what is the size of protist

A

10-100 micrometres

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19
Q

where do bacteria reproduce

A

in blood and between tissues

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20
Q

where do viruses reproduce

A

invades cells and injects the virus DNA into them

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21
Q

where do fungi reproduce

A

damp conditions E.g. foot

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22
Q

where do protists reproduce

A

in blood, they use vectors to reach their host organisms

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23
Q

what effects does bacteria have on the body

A

damage outside of cells, waste products after reproduction make us feel ill

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24
Q

what effects do viruses have on the body

A

cells burst and make you feel sick

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25
Q

what effects does fungi have on the body

A

severe itching and skin damage

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26
Q

what effects do protists have on the body

A

fevers and illness

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27
Q

what type of pathogen is salmonella

A

bacteria

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28
Q

what type of pathogen is gonorrhoea

A

bacteria

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29
Q

what type of pathogen is rose black spot

A

fungus

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30
Q

what type of pathogen is athlete’s foot

A

fungus

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31
Q

what type of pathogen is TMV

A

virus

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32
Q

what type of pathogen is flu

A

virus

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33
Q

what type of pathogen is HIV

A

virus

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34
Q

what type of pathogen is measles

A

virus

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35
Q

how does salmonella spread

A

contaminated raw food

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36
Q

how does gonorrhoea spread(2)

A

spread through sex with infected people, can also be spread through childbirth

37
Q

how does rose black spot spread

A

produces spores that are released under wet conditions

38
Q

how does athlete’s foot spread

A

touching infected skin/contaminated places

39
Q

how does TMV spread(2)

A

contaminated equipment, plant wounds after human handling

40
Q

how does flu spread

A

cough/sneeze droplets from infected person are in the air and spread to close proximity

41
Q

how does HIV spread

A

bodily fluids from someone who has it

42
Q

how does measles spread

A

contaminated person sneezes and coughs and if you are in the room under 2 hours from them you will most likely get it

43
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella(3)

A

diarrhoea, stomach cramps, fever

44
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea(2)

A

burning feeling when peeing, white/yellow/green discharge

45
Q

what are the symptoms of rose black spot(5)

A

enlarging black patch on leaves, yellowing of leaves, dropping leaves, small black lesions, can lose all leaves

46
Q

what are the symptoms of athlete’s foot(3)

A

dry flaky skin, cracked skin, blistered skin

47
Q

what are the symptoms of TMV(2)

A

brown spots on leaf surface, stunted growth

48
Q

what are the symptoms of flu(7)

A

fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle aches, headaches, fatigue

49
Q

what are the symptoms of aids(5)

A

fever, headache, rash, rapid weight loss, chronic diarrhoea

50
Q

what are the symptoms of measles(5)

A

fever, rash, cough, diarrhoea, can lead to pneumonia death brain damage etc

51
Q

what are the treatments for salmonella(4)

A

good food hygiene, cook food thoroughly, don’t use raw eggs, good personal hygiene

52
Q

what are the treatments for gonorrhoea(2)

A

long lasting relationship with those without, latex condoms when having sex

53
Q

what are the treatments for rose black spot(2)

A

destroy fallen leaves, prune all lesions before leaves appear

54
Q

what are the treatments for athlete’s foot(3)

A

cream to stop fungus growing, dry feet, don’t walk barefoot in communal areas

55
Q

what are the treatments for TMV(5)

A

no known cure, burn diseased plants, remove decaying leaves, regular inspections, thoroughly disinfect equipment of contaminated plants

56
Q

what are the treatments for flu(3)

A

cover mouth and nose, wash hands often, vaccination

57
Q

what are the treatments for Aids(3)

A

condoms, don’t share needles, daily medicine

58
Q

what are the treatments for measles(2)

A

MMR shot, hospital

59
Q

what is an example of a protist disease

A

malaria- carried by mosquitos

60
Q

what is the protist that causes malaria called

A

plasmodium

61
Q

what is the vector in malaria

A

mosquitos

62
Q

what does malaria do

A

causes recurrent fever episodes and can be fatal

63
Q

how is the spread of malaria controlled(2)

A

preventing breeding- mosquitos lay eggs in water so ditches are regularly drained, mosquito nets to avoid being bitten as mosquitos are resistant to most sprays

64
Q

how do vaccines prevent diseases

A

small amounts of dead/inactive pathogens are put into your body, often by injection. the antigens in the vaccine stimulate the WBCs into making the antibodies. the antibodies destroy the pathogen without a risk of you getting the disease. you are immune to future infections by the pathogen because the memory cells are used to rapidly respond and make the correct antibody as if you have already had it

65
Q

what is herd immunity

A

a concept where not everyone has to be vaccinated to get rid of a disease. just enough that it can’t transfer easily to survive

66
Q

why does nitrate deficiency cause stunted growth

A

nitrate is used to make amino acids which are used for protein synthesis

67
Q

why does magnesium deficiency lead to yellowing leaves

A

magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll

68
Q

what are 3 mechanical defences on a plant with explanations on how they work

A

mimicry as some plants make it look like aphids are feeding on them, hairs on leaves to stop larvae reaching the epidermis, thorns to impale insects and prevent them laying eggs. deter herbivores and wear their teeth down

69
Q

what are 2 chemical defences on a plant with explanations on how they work

A

production of antibacterial chemicals which are increased when attacked by herbivores or pathogens, production of poison which tastes bad to deter predators

70
Q

what are 3 physical defences on a plant with explanations on how they work

A

tough waxy cuticles that prevent pathogens entering the epidermis, cellulose wall to prevent pathogens from entering the cell, bark to prevent pests from attacking the cells

71
Q

what must a good drug be(3)

A

effective, safe, stable

72
Q

what is efficacy

A

the ability to prevent or cure a disease or make you feel better

73
Q

what is safety

A

not too toxic with undesirable side effects

74
Q

what is stability

A

must be possible for it to be stored for a period of time

75
Q

what are the 6 stages of drug testing

A

pre clinical, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3, MHRA review, additional post market testing

76
Q

what happens during the pre clinical stage

A

testing on cells and 2 types of mammals

77
Q

what happens during phase 1

A

20-80 healthy volunteers are used to determine dose and safety as they are given a slowly increasing dose

78
Q

what happens during phase 2

A

100-300 sick volunteers test efficacy and side effects

79
Q

what happens during phase 3

A

1000-5000 volunteers monitor long term reactions

80
Q

what is a placebo

A

a treatment that doesn’t contain the drug but looks the same

81
Q

what is a blind trial

A

a trial where volunteers don’t know if they have the drug. reliable as no bias

82
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

a trial where volunteers and doctors don’t know who gets what. more reliable as no bias

83
Q

what was thalidomide originally developed as

A

a sleeping pill

84
Q

what other condition did thalidomide appear to treat

A

morning sickness

85
Q

what problems were found with thalidomide

A

babies were born with birth defect E.g. short limbs

86
Q

what happened to thalidomide

A

it was banned

87
Q

what is thalidomide used for now

A

leprosy and lymphoma

88
Q

how does antibiotic resistance develop

A

mutations happen in the genes of a bacteria cell. these stop the cell being killed by the antibiotic. these bacteria are known as resistant. bacteria without the mutation die or can’t reproduce when in contact with the antibiotic. resistant bacteria face less competition from normal bacteria and reproduce. there become more and more resistant bacteria.

89
Q

what are MABs

A

they are produced by lymphocytes and are specific to one pathogen.

90
Q

how are MABs produced

A

an antigen is injected into a mouse so the mouse’s lymphocytes make a particular antibody. lymphocytes are combined with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell. hybridoma cells can divide and make antibodies rapidly. hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody. large amount of the antibodies are collected and purified

91
Q

what are the uses of MABs with examples(3)

A

diagnosis E.g. pregnancy tests, research E.g. locate specific molecules using a dye, treat some diseases E.g. cancer

biology (4 decks)

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