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nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system function

A

maintain homeostasis with endocrine system, relies on nerve impulses

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2
Q

CNS

A

where incoming messages are processed and outgoing messages are initiated, consists of brain and spinal cord, made of brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

made up of nerves that connect the CNS with receptors, muscles and glands, all work together in coordinated way

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4
Q

Protection of CNS: bone

A

cranium: part of skull that houses brain

vertebral canal: spinal cord runs through opening in vertebrae which provides strong, rigid structure to protect the cns

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5
Q

protection of CNS: meninges

A

cover surface of brain and spinal cord, 3 layers of connective tissue form meninges

  • dura matter: outer layer, is tough and fibrous, sticks closely to bones of skull but not tight fitting on vertebral canal
  • arachnoid matter: loose mesh of fibres (middle layer)
  • pia matter: inner, most delicate layer, contains blood vessels and sticks closely to surface of brain/spinal cord
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6
Q

protection of CNS: cerebrospinal fluid

A

occupies space between middle and inner layer of meninges, circulates through cavities in brain and through canal in centre of spinal cord, clear watery fluid containing few cells and some glucose/urea/salts

  • acts as shock absorber cushioning blows/shocks CNS may sustain
  • support: brain is suspended inside cranium and floats in fluid that surrounds it
  • transport: CSF is formed from blood and circulates around/through CNS before reentering blood capillaries, takes nutrients to cells of brain and spinal cord and carries away waste
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7
Q

bodily functions that need to be controlled at all times

A 
removal of carbon dioxide: metabolic tastes , can be toxic so must be removed
removal of urea
ion content
water content 
sugar content 
body temp
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8
Q

organs involved in homeostasis

A
  • brain: part of CNS master organ of control, integrates, regulates activities of all other organs involved in homeostasis
  • pituitary gland: produces many vital hormones
  • hypothalamus:contains receptors to monitor blood temp and water content then send nerve impulses to skin, pituitary gland, CO2
  • lung: remove CO2 in exhaled air
  • skin: adjusts body temp
  • muscles: can produce heat if necessary by shivering
  • kidneys: remove urea in urine, adjust ion content, water content of blood
  • pancreas & liver: regulates blood sugar level
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9
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • outer 2-4mm grey matter (made of dendrites, neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons), deep inside is basal ganglia: contains nerve cell bodies associated with control of skeletal muscle, below cortex is white matter (made of myelinated axons), folded in patterns that increase its surface area
    involved in: thinking, reasoning, learning, memory, senses
    -tracts: bundles of nerve fibres in cns that connect areas of cortex in one hemisphere, connecting two hemispheres, connecting cortex to other areas, parts of brain or spinal cord
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10
Q

functional areas of cortex

A

sensory areas: where impulse from receptors are interpreted (receive and process sensory info)
motor areas: control muscular movement, send impulses to muscles esp for voluntary movement
association areas: concerned with intellectual and emotional processes, interpret info from senses and make it useful, involved in memory

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11
Q

control of movements cerebral cortex

A

neurons in motor association area plans sequence and intensity of muscle contraction, program sent to lower centre in brain and spinal cord then impulse is sent to muscles which then contract

  • upper motor neurons: carry impulses away from motor area of cortex to spinal cord, connect to lower motor neuron
  • lower motor neuron: carry impulses to muscles
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12
Q

control of movement: medulla oblongata

A

most upper neurons in medulla cross over resulting in left cerebral hemisphere controlling contractions of muscles on right side of body (contra lateral organisation)

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13
Q

Control of movement: cerebellum

A

Recieve nerve impulses from cerebrum via upper motor neurons, eyes, ears, stretch receptors in muscles and joints, information of position of body is integrated and muscles can move in a smooth coordinated manner

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14
Q

balance

A

requires continual contraction and relaxation of muscles and is coordinated by the cerebellum, inputs from cerebrum of body position, the inner ear: semi circular canals give info abt movement of head, eyes: observe body’s position and stretch receptors in muscles and joints give info about joint movement and position

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15
Q

corpus callosum

A

wide band of nerve fibres that lies underneath cerebrum at base of longitudinal fissure. Nerve fibres cross from one hemisphere to the other and allows two sides to communicate with eachother

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16
Q

cerebellum

A

liesunxer rear part of cerebrum p, surface is folded into series of parallel ridges, outer part is grey matter, inside is white jarred that branches to all parts of cerebellum, exercises control over posture

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17
Q

Hypothalamus (CNS)

A

lies in middle of brain, controls many bodily activities, mainly concerned with maintaining homeostasis, regulates autonomic nervous system, food/water intake, wake/sleep pattern, o traction of urinary bladder, emotional response, secretion of hormones/coordination of endocrine system

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18
Q

medulla oblongata

A

continuation of spinal cord, contains:

  • cardiac centre: regulates rate and force of heart beat
  • respiratory centre: controls rate and depth of breathing
  • vasomotor centre: regulates diameter of blood vessels
  • other centres: regulates reflexes (swallowing, sneezing, coughing)
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19
Q

Spinal cord

A

function: to carry sensory impulses up to Brian and motor impulses down from the brain, to integrate Faust automatic responses (reflexes)
extends from foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebra, consists of: areas of grey matter in a H shape and in this area is a small space called central canal: runs length of spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid. the white matter in bundles arranged in bundles:
- ascending tract: sensory axons that carry impulse upward towards brain
-descending tract: contain motor axons that conduct impulses downwards away from brain

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20
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

senile dementia, degenerative brain disease, onset is gradual and progresses over 7-10yrs,

  • affects: memory and thinking skills
    symptoms: forgetfulness, loss of short term memory, confusion, mood swings, aggression/withdrawal, deterioration of social skills, forget family members/places, eventually effects physical functioning of body, gradual deterioration of brain tissue affect ability to process info and transmit nerve impulses (caused by neurons in brain shrinking and amyloid buildup around remaining neurons) this disrupts messages within the brain and damages connections between neurons which means info cannot be recalled
  • treatment: no cure, however stem cell therapy can help w symptoms, omega 3 fatty acids are thought to reduce risk of Alzheimer’s
21
Q

Parkinson’s

A

progressive degenerative disease of NS, destroys cells that control muscular movement of brain and result in depletion of dopamine, destruction of substantial nigra (neurons that produce dopamine)

  • symptoms: tremors and rigidity caused by increase in acetylcholine, slowing for speech, restricted slow movement, partial face paralysis, general weakness
  • treatment: drugs that contain dopamine may assist with symptoms or other drugs that block affects of acetylcholine, drugs used to prevent breakdown of,dopamine, cell replacement therapy from stem cells
22
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs, arise from brain, mixed nerves that contain sensory fibres (carry impulses into CNS) and motor fibres (carry impulses away from CNS)

23
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs, all mixes nerves, containing both sensory and motor fibres, each nerve is joined to spinal cord by two roots, ventral root: contains axons of motor neurons that have cell bodies in grey matter of spinal cord and dorsal root which contain axons of sensory neurons that have cell bodies on dorsal root ganglion

24
Q

afferent division of PNS

A

has fibres that carry impulses into CNS by sensory neurons from receptors in skin and around muscles and joints

  • somatic sensory neurons: bring impulses from skin and muscle
  • visceral sensory: bring impulses from internal organs
25
Q

efferent division

A

has fibres that carry impulses from cns, subdivided into somatic and autonomic division

26
Q

somatic division

A

takes impulses from cns to skeletal muscles

27
Q

autonomic division

A

carries impulses from CNS to heart muscles, involuntary muscles and glands, further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic, controls body’s internal environment, operates without conscious control and is regulated by groups of nerve cells in medulla oblongata, hypothalamus ans cerebral cortex

28
Q

transport of nerve impulse in autonomic nervous system

A

carry impulses to muscles of internal organs/glands, impulse travels along two neurons from CNS to organ controlled by ANS,

  • first neuron is myelinated and has its cell body in CNS
  • second is unmyelinated and has its cell body in ganglion (group of nerve cell bodies outside CNS)
  • involuntary process
29
Q

transmission of nerve impulse in somatic NS

A

myelinated, has its cell body in CNS and goes directly from CNS to effector

30
Q

differences between autonomic division and somatic division

A

effector: (A) involuntAry muscle/glands, (S) skeletal muscles
general func: (A) homeostasis, (S) response to external environment
efferent pathways (out): (A)2 nerve fibres, 1 myl, 1 unmyl, w a synapse, (S) one nerve fibre, no synapse
neurotransmitter: (A) acetylcholine or noradrenaline, (S) acetylcholine
effect on target organ: (A) either excitatory or inhibitory, (S) always excitatory

31
Q

parasympathetic divisions

A

produces responses that maintain body during quiet and calm conditions

32
Q

sympathetic divisions

A

produces responses that prepare body for strenuous physical activity, called fight or flight responses because prepare body for situations that may involve aggression or fleeing

33
Q

components of the sympathetic system

A
  • relies on skeletal muscles: producing movement & increased level of awareness
  • requires greater oxygen & glucose supply (increasing HR, BP,BR)
  • adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline which intensify and prolong responses of sympathetic NS
34
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry messages from receptors in sense organs to cns

35
Q

motor neuron

A

carry messages from cns to effectors: muscles/glands

36
Q

interneuron

A

located in cns, link between sensory and motor neurons

37
Q

multiple neurons

A

have one axon and multiple dendrites extending from cell body

38
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one axon and one dendrite both may have many branches at their ends, take impulses from receptor cells to other neurons

39
Q

unipolar neurons

A

have just an axon (insects)

40
Q

pseudounipolar neurons

A

single axon from cell body which separates into two extensions, one connects to dendrites and the other ends in axon terminals

41
Q

receptor

A

structure that is able to detect a change in body’s internal or external environment, when stimulated body is able to respond to a change

sense organ: sometimes receptors of cells group together in a sense organ

42
Q

thermoreceptor

A

able to respond to heat and cold, skin thermoreceptors inform brain of changes in temp outside of body

  • peripheral thermoreceptors in skin are nerve ending sensitive to either hot or cold (not both)
  • core temperature: (inside temp) monitored by thermoreceptors in hypothalamus that detect temp of blood flowing through brain
43
Q

osmoreceptors

A

located in hypothalamus, sensitive to changes in osmotic pressure (determined by concentration of substances dissolved in ester of blood plasma, higher concentration = great osmotic pressure) can simulate hypothalamus so body’s water content is maintained

44
Q

chemoreceptors

A

stimulated by particular chemicals, present in nose: makes us sensitive to doors, present in mouth: makes us sensitive to tastes. Internal chemoreceptors are sensitive to composition of bodily fluids e,g pH of blood, concentration of CO2 & O2

-involved in regulation of BR & HR

45
Q

touch receptors (mechanoreceptors)

A

found mainly in skin, those closer to surface of skin are more sensitive to very light touches e.g lips

  • also associated to base of each hair follicles so respond to any light touch that bends hair
  • adapt rapidly, after constant exposure to stimulus, no longer aware of touch
46
Q

pain receptors

A

stimulates by damage to tissue, concentrated in skin and mucous membrane, adapt ver little or not at all, pain continues for as long as stimulus is present, in some cases it gets worse after longer time of exposure

47
Q

reflex:

-

A

rapid autonomic response to change in external or internal environment, have four important properties

  • stimulus is required to trigger reflex
  • involuntary: occurs without conscious thought
  • rapid: only small number of neurons involved
  • stereotyped: occurs in same way each time it happens
  • coordinated by the spinal cord
48
Q

reflex/spinal arc

A
  • receptor reacts to change in environment by initiating nerve impulse in sensory neuron
  • sensory neuron carries nerve impulse from receptor to spinal cord/brain
  • at least one synapse, nerve impulse may be passed directly to motor neuron or may be interneuron that directs impulse to correct motor neuron
  • motor neuron carries the nerve impulse to an effector
  • effector/ motor end plate receives nerve impulse and carries out appropriate response

Human Biology (8 decks)

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