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Human Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system function

A

exerts control by transmission of nerve impulses to and from various tissues

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2
Q

endocrine system function

A

influences activity or cells by release of chemical messages - hormones

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3
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of stable/ constant internal environment despite a changing external environment

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4
Q

types of gland

A

endocrine glands: secrete hormones into extra cellular fluid that surrounds de cell that makes up the gland, secretion passes into capillaries to be transported by blood
exocrine gland: secrete into a duct that carries secretion to body surface or to one of body cavities, sweat glands, mucous glands, salivary glands and glands of alimentary canal are exocrine glands

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5
Q

types of hormones: steroid hormones

A

lipid soluble (do not dissolve in water), secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads, has lipid derivatives diffuses across cell membrane and inside of cell combines with receptor proteins

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6
Q

types of hormone: protein hormones

A

secreted by pituitary gland and pancreas, are water soluble, unable to diffuse across cell membrane so attach to receptor protein on cell membrane of target cell, causes a secondary messenger to be released within the cell /diffuse across cell

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7
Q

types of hormones: amines

A

secreted by adrenal medulla and thyroxine hormone, amino acids derivatives water soluble (same as protein hormones)

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8
Q

receptor proteins

A

hormones are tissue specific, only act on particular target cells, hormones circulate in blood until they come into contact with cell that have complementary receptor proteins, specific hormones have specific receptor proteins (lock and key mechanism). Combination of hormones and receptor proteins can alter cells metabolism

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9
Q

mechanisms of hormone actions

A

hormone secretion is regulates negative feedback, hormone is released when homeostatic balance is altered and stops when equilibrium is returned

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10
Q

3 responses of endocrine glands

A

changes in cellular environment, stimulation by nerves, other hormones

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11
Q

transport of protein/amine hormones

A

lock onto receptors on outside of cell membrane and act as first messenger, target cell responds by producing cyclic adenosine monophosphate which acts as secondary messenger and alters cellular activities (protein synthesis/metabolism)

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12
Q

transport of steroid hormones

A

pass easily through cell membrane (lipid soluble and a cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, once inside cell hormones are picked up by receptor proteins transported to nucleus, in nucleus it can affect specific genes therefore new cell functions can be started or altered

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13
Q

functions of hormone within cell

A
  • altering types of activities / quantities of proteins produced by cells
  • stimulating particular genes in nucleus to produce certain proteins
  • may turn an enzyme off by altering shape and structure (denaturing)
  • change rate of transcription or translation therefore production of enzyme/structural protein is affected
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14
Q

enzyme amplification

A

single hormone molecule can result/trigger in the production of billions of enzyme molecules, this molecule can initiate the production of many of one particular molecule which can then produce multiples of another molecule
- 1 hormone molecule = 200 molecule of 1 = 1000 molecule 2 = 500000 molecule 3 etc

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15
Q

paracrines

A

local hormones, chemicals secreted by a cell that diffuses to/affects nearby cells, secreted by all cells, not carried in bloodstream

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16
Q

autocrines

A

chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them (stimulate cell itself, self signalling), not considered hormone as it does not a long distance chemical signal

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17
Q

endocrine

A

occurs when chemical released by cell travels in bloodstream to activate distant cell (hormone)

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18
Q

hormone clearance

A

hormone activates a particular effect once this has been achieved it is inactivated, can be broken down in target cell or in liver/kidneys to be excreted in urine or bile

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • section of brain that links nervous and endocrine systems in Ofer to maintain homeostasis
  • receives info from nerves throughout body and parts of brain and initiates endocrine responses
  • secretes neurochemicals (releasing factors) into portal system/capillaries which stimulates/targets anterior lobe of pituitary gland
  • secretes hormones directly into blood via neurosecretory cells that extend into posterior pituitary lobe
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20
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • lies adjacent to hypothalamus and is in direct contact with it due to portal blood system
  • receives instruction from hypothalamus and consists of two lobes
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21
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary

A

-recieves releasing/inhibiting factors that are released from hypothalamus into portal vessels by neurosecretory cells, this causes endocrine cells to release/produce a specific hormone into blood stream

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22
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus itself by neurosecretory cells, these cells extend into posterior lobe from hypothalamus and release hormones into blood

23
Q

regulation of anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A
  • controlled by hypothalamus which releases specific chemical releasing/inhibiting factors, these function as hormones and travel through blood vessels from hypothalamus to anterior lobe and act on a specific group of cells
  • in the presence of the releasing factor the endocrine cells release their hormones into the bloodstream
  • secretion of hormone from anterior pituitary lobe stops when the corresponding releasing factor from hypothalamus stops (negative feedback) or inhibiting factor is sometimes released from hypothalamus to stop secretion of hormone from anterior pituitary (AP)
24
Q

regulation of posterior pituitary gland

A
  • not a true endocrine gland : doesn’t manufacture hormones it releases (ADH/ oxytocin)
  • the hormones are manufactured by the hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland
  • the hormones are released into blood stream in response to nerve impulses from hypothalamus
25
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A 
endocrine gland (released by) anterior lobe of pituitary 
target cell: ovaries/testes
effect: stimulates development of follicles containing eggs in ovaries (female), stimulates production and maturation of sperm in testes (males)
26
Q

lutenising hormone

A

endocrine gland: anterior lobe of pituitary
target cell: ovaries/testes
effect: works with FSH to start ovulation and form corpus luteum after ovulation (females), stimulates interstitial cells in tested to secrete male sexual hormones (males)

27
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

endocrine gland: anterior pituitary
target cells: all body cells
effect: stimulates growth, increases rate at which amino acids are taken up by cells and built into proteins. secreted all through lifespan to size of organs

28
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

endocrine gland: anterior pituitary
target cell: thyroid gland
effect: stimulates production and release of hormone from thyroid gland

29
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

endocrine gland: anterior pituitary
target cell: adrenal cortex glands
effect: controls production and release of some hormones from cortex of adrenal glands

30
Q

prolactin PRL

A

endocrine gland: anterior pituitary
target cell: mammary glands
effect: works with other hormones to initiate and maintain milk production in females

31
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

endocrine gland: posterior lobe of pituitary
target cell: uterus, mammary glands
effect: stimulates contraction of muscles in uterus, released in large quantities during labour,stimulates contraction of cells in mammary glands which results in milk in breastfeeding

32
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

endocrine gland: posterior pituitary lobe
target cell: kidneys
effect: causes kidney to remove water from urine forming the water is then returned to bloodstream, helps retain fluid within the body, in high concentrations can constrict arterioles (small arteries)

33
Q

melatonin

A

endocrine gland: pineal gland
target cell: brain
effect: involves in regulation of sleep patterns, stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light

34
Q

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

A

endocrine gland: thyroid gland
target cell: all cells, mostly body
effect: controls body metabolism by regulating reactions where complex molecules are broken down to release energy and maintain body heat (bc some energy is released as heat when molecules are broken down)
*T4 is a matured version of T3

35
Q

calcitonin

A

endocrine gland: thyroid
target cell: blood, bones, kidneys
effect: regulates levels of calcium and phosphate in blood, when concentrations of Ca increases calcitonin is released which reduces reabsorption of Ca by kidney and breakdown of bone, moves phosphate into bone if levels are too high which prevents reabsorption of it

36
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

endocrine gland: parathyroid gland
target cell: bones, kidneys
effect: increases calcium levels in blood and phosphate excretion in urine

37
Q

thymosins

A

endocrine gland: thymus
target cell: T-lymphocytes (white blood cells)
effect: influence maturation of disease fighting cells (t-lymphocytes)

38
Q

adrenaline

A

endocrine gland: adrenal medulla
target cell: all cells
effect: helps prepare body for a reaction to a threatening situation (FFF)

39
Q

noradrenaline

A

endocrine gland: adrenal medulla
target cell: heart, most body cells
effect: increases rate and force of heartbeat, reinforced effects of sympathetic nervous system

40
Q

aldosterone

A

endocrine gland: adrenal cortex
target cell: kidney
effect: reduces amount of sodium and increases amount of potassium in urine

41
Q

cortisol

A

endocrine gland: adrenal cortex
target cell: all cells
effect: promotes normal metabolism, helps body repair damaged tissue and withstand stress

42
Q

insulin

A

endocrine gland: pancreas
target cell: most body cells
effect: reduces amount of glucose in blood by promoting uptake of glucose by body cells,
-in the liver it causes a conversion of glucose to glycogen/fat,
-in skeletal muscles causes formation of glycogen from glucose,
-in fat storage tissue causes glycogen to be converted into fat

43
Q

glucagon

A

endocrine gland: pancreas
target cell: liver, fat storage tissue
effect: opposite to insulin, increases blood glucose level by promoting breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver and stimulates the breakdown of fat in liver/fat storage tissues

44
Q

androgen (male sex hormone)

A

endocrine gland: gonad
target cell: many tissues
effect: responsible for development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, produced by testes, also produced in females by at much lower levels than males

45
Q

oestrogen/progesterone

A

endocrine gland: gonads
target cell: uterus, mammary glands
effect: stimulates development and maintenance of female sex characteristics along with LH/FSH, regulate menstrual cycle and involved in changes that occur in pregnancy

46
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

endocrine gland: kidney
target cell: blood
effect: stimulates production of red blood cells by bone marrow

47
Q

endocrine dysfunction

A

organs of endocrine system not working at homeostatic level/optimum, disrupts homeostasis

48
Q

causes of disruption to homeostasis

A

hormonal: diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
behavioural: lifestyle choices
disease

49
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

hyperglycaemia: elevation in blood glucose levels as seen in diabetes
2 types

50
Q

type 1

A

juvenile diabetes/insulin depended diabetes,begins in childhood and is caused by autoimmune response, body’s own immune system destroys beta cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas, results in no insulin production

  • treatment: no cure, management consists of daily insulin injections or programmable pump supplying insulin in subcutaneous tissue below the skin
  • long term effect: kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, amputation, blindness, nerve damage to blood vessels from high glucose levels
51
Q

Type 2

A

non insulin dependent, adult onset (usually greater than 45yrs) insulin is produced by beta cells of islet of langerhans but body cells are resistant to effects of insulin, it’s a lifestyle disorder

  • factors increasing risk: smoking, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, diet high in fats/sugars, being overweight, it develops over time
  • treatment: management to keep blood glucose within normal range: maintain a healthy weight, regular physical activity, monitored diet and glucose level checks
  • if left untreated can cause: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease
52
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excess thyroxine production, due to immune system reaction, thought to be genetically predisposed, overstimulation of thyroid gland results in excess thyroxine release

  • symptoms: increased HR, weightloss, fatigue, sweating, anxiety, protruding eyeballs
  • treatment: drugs that block iodine uptake in thryoid, surgery to remove part or all of thyroid gland, radioactive iodine is taken and used by thyroid cells which are killed
53
Q

hypothyroidism

A

reduced levels of thyroxine, more common in women,

  • causes: hashimotos disease: autoimmune disorder where immune system attacks thyroid gland, surgery: loss of thyroid tissue, iodine deficiency in diet
  • symptoms: reduced heart rate, unexplained weigh gain, fatigue or lack of energy, intolerance to cold temperatures, swelling of face/thyroid glands (protruding throat: goitre)
  • treatment: thyroxine tablets: taken for life, iodine supplements (only if cause is lack of dietary iodine), regular ongoing monitoring of thyroid hormone levels so symptoms are relieved

Human Biology (8 decks)

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