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Biology 101 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous System has three interconnected functions:

A

sensory input (the conduction of signals from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

integration-the interpretation of the sensory signals

Motor output-the conduction of signals from a processing center to effector cells that actually perform the work

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2
Q

Nervous system is composed of two classes of cells:

A

Supporting cells

neurons

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3
Q

Central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

consists of nerves and receptors

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5
Q

Nerves

A

ropelike bundles of neurons that carry signals into and out of the CNS

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6
Q

Receptors

A

receives the stimulus

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system [detailed]

A

Divided into two parts
Sensory-senses information from both internal and external environment. One set of neuron brings information about the outside environment (from the eyes, ears, and other external sense organs

The other set of neuron supplies the CNS with information about the body itself, for example, information about the acidity of the blood from sensors in the arteries.

Motor division-part of the nervous system that performs work

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8
Q

Motor division

A

Subdivided into autonomic and somatic nervous system

Somatic nervous system is under voluntary control. It carry signals to skeletal muscles, mainly in response to external stimuli

Autonomic nervous system (self-governing) is under involuntary control
Subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

These divisions will have antagonistic or opposite effects because the have different sets of neurons and they respond to different neurotransmitters

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares the body for intense, energy consuming activities [FLIGHT OR FIGHT SYNDROME]

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10
Q

Activities of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Dilation of pupil, inhibition of saliva production, increased production of epinephrine and norephinephrine, stimulation of glucose release, inhibition of activities of the stomach, intestines and pancreas

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11
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

primes the body for digesting food and for resting-activities that gain and conserve energy.

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12
Q

Activities of the parasympathetic nervous system include

A

Constricting the pupil, stimulating saliva production, stimulating stomach, pancreas and intestine activities

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13
Q

The neurons of the sympathetic system

A

emerge from the middle region of the spinal cord. They produce their effects by releasing norepinephrine.

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14
Q

Non-myelinated (gray matter)

A

Functions: integration

Makes thousands to million of connections with other neurons

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15
Q

Myelinated neurons (white matter)

A

Function: transmission

2 types: motor and sensory

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16
Q

Motor neurons

A

effector neurons. They perform work

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17
Q

Sensory neurons

A

affector neurons. They perceive the stimuli

18
Q

Types of synapses

A

Inhibitory- block the propagation of the nerve impulse.

Excitatory-stimulate the propagation of the nerve impulse.

19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals which are released from the axonal bulb. They can either excite or inhibit the next neuron
Excitatory -stimulates the next neuron
Example: acetylcholine

20
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

chemicals which inhibit the passage of the message from one neuron to the next.
Examples: dopamine and serotonin

21
Q

neuromodulators

A

Chemicals which changes the action of neurotransmitters. Examples: alcohol

22
Q

Nerve impulse resting state

A

all neurons have an excitable membrane. At resting potential, there is a passive movement of Na+. K+, and Cl- ions. The membrane is now polarized.

23
Q

Nerve impulse excited state

A

Channels open up in the membrane and there is an influx of ions into the axon. Sodium ions rush in and chlorine ions rush out. This results in a net negative charge inside the membrane and a net positive charge outside the membrane.

24
Q

Central nervous system

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord

25
Q

Parts of the brain

A

rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, prosencephalon

26
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

(hind brain)

27
Q

Pon

A

reflex center, regulates respiration

28
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

controls respiration

29
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates muscle activity, and balance

30
Q

Mesencephalon

A

midbrain

31
Q

Tegmentum

A

contains the reticular formation involved in the fight or flight syndrome

32
Q

Tectum

A

contains the superior and inferior colliculi-involved in vision and sound

33
Q

Prosencephalon

A

forebrain Divided into two parts: diencephalon and telencephalon

34
Q

Thalamus

A

recognize pain, temp, and touch. relays sensory information to the cerebrum, responsible for emotional responses and contains the reticular formation.
Divided into two parts: diencephalon and telencephalon

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Links the nervous and endocrine system. Regulates and coordinates autonomic activities, regulates appetite and thirst, controls hormone production, controls homeostasis and contains the limbic system (links the psyche with physical)

36
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex-which is divided into two hemispheres which are connected by the corpus callosum
Major lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe-primary motor area, insight and personality
Parieral lobe-general memory, taste, touch, pressure, temperature
Temporal lobe -hearing, vision, auditory memory
Occipital lobe-smell, visual memory

37
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

which is divided into two hemispheres which are connected by the corpus callosum

38
Q

Major lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal lobe-primary motor area, insight and personality
Parieral lobe-general memory, taste, touch, pressure, temperature
Temporal lobe -hearing, vision, auditory memory
Occipital lobe-smell, visual memory

39
Q

Frontal lobe

A

primary motor area, insight and personality

40
Q

Parieral lobe

A

general memory, taste, touch, pressure, temperature

41
Q

Temporal lobe

A

hearing, vision, auditory memory

42
Q

Occipital lobe

A

smell, visual memory

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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