Human Biology

Question 1

Basic Body Plan

Answer 1

• The body can be divided into different components.

- These components can include cavities, tissue type, and systems.

Question 2

Two types of cavities

Answer 2

Dorsal and Ventral

Question 3

Cavities

Answer 3

• internal spaces that house internal organs

- the spaces within the body which contain the internal organs or viscera

Question 4

Dorsal cavity

Answer 4

• “back” or posterior
• bony cavity which is located near the dorsal (posterior) body surface. It may be subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral or spinal cavity.

Question 5

Cranial cavity

Answer 5

holds the brain

Question 6

Vertebral or spinal cavity

Answer 6

contains the spinal cord

Question 7

Ventral cavity

Answer 7

• “front” or anterior
• located near the ventral or anterior body surface. It is subdivided into
• the thoracic or chest cavity - which contain the diaphragm, pericardial cavity and pleural sacs and lungs. (lungs, heart, & organs of cardiovascular system)
• Abdominopelvic cavity - which contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region

Question 8

Abdominal cavity

Answer 8

contains the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys and ureters (digestive & excratory system)

Question 9

Pelvic cavity

Answer 9

contains the urinary bladder, parts of the large intestines, and in females, the reproductive organs.

Question 10

Scrotal cavity

Answer 10

(found only in males)

• contains the male reproductive organs
• which is located outside of the body

Question 11

Tissues

Answer 11

-composed of specialized cells which perform a specialized function

Question 12

Types of tissues

Answer 12

epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective

Question 13

Epithelial tissue

Answer 13

• Forms a thin protective layer on exposed bodily surfaces and forms the lining of internal cavities, ducts and organs. The are responsible for secretions and absorption. (covers all body parts-inside an outside)
• participates in secretion & absoption
• found lining the inside & outside of the body

Question 14

3 types of epithelial tissues

Answer 14

–Squamous - irregular shape and flattened edges (appearance = flattened egg)
–Cuboidal - cube-shaped (associated with large & small intestines)
–Columnar - column-shaped (associated with respiratory system)

Question 15

Muscle tissue

Answer 15

• composed of long cells called muscle fibers
  -composed of sacromeres, thin filaments, thick filament
  -sacromere are composed of proteins that contract giving the muscle flexibility
• thick & thin filaments give appearance of light/dark bonding pattern (striation)
  •It is the most abundant tissue type in a typical animal
  •3 types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Question 16

Skeletal muscles

Answer 16

attached to bones by tendons. They are responsible for voluntary movements. They are striped or striated in appearance. (having a light and dark banding pattern)
-(striated in appearance & under voluntary control)

Question 17

Cardiac muscle

Answer 17

forms the contractile tissue of the heart. It is striated in appearance. It is under involuntary control

Question 18

Smooth muscles

Answer 18

gets it name from their lack of striations. They are found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder and arteries. They are under involuntary control.
-associated with digestive system, not striated, under involuntary control

Question 19

Nervous tissue

Answer 19

• forms a communication and coordination system within the body. The nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the body to another. The structural and functional units is called a nerve cell or neuron
• allows for communication between all parts of the body, internal & external
• The response is via stimulus / recepter interaction

Question 20

Connective tissue

Answer 20

this is a tissue that is composed of a small or sparse population of cells which are scattered through a nonliving substance called a matrix. The cells synthesize the matrix which is usually a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly or solid.
-(composed of small # of cells in matrix [ non-living substance made by the cells])

Question 21

Connective tissues

Answer 21

bind and support other tissue.
-include:
•Loose connective tissue-the most common type. It serves mainly as a binding and packing material, holding other tissues and organs in place

Question 22

Adipose tissue

Answer 22

contains fats, which pads and insulate the body and stores energy

Question 23

Blood

Answer 23

contain a fluid matrix called plasma. The blood function mainly in transporting substances from one part of the body to another.

Question 24

Integumentary system

Answer 24

Protect underlying tissue (skin). Primary defense against infection

Question 25

Skeletal

Answer 25

support body structure and protect soft internal organs

Question 26

Muscular system

Answer 26

produces body movement and body heat

Question 27

Nervous system

Answer 27

detects changes that occur inside and outside of the body. It also interprets and acts on these changes

Question 28

Endocrine system

Answer 28

produce hormones which regulate bodily activity

Question 29

Digestive system

Answer 29

converts food into molecules that can be absorbed by cells

Question 30

Respiratory system

Answer 30

exchanges gases with the blood and air

Question 31

Circulatory system

Answer 31

transports many material to and from cells. This system helps stabilize the internal pH and temperature

Question 32

Lymphatic system

Answer 32

collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream. It defends the body against infection and tissue damage.

Question 33

Urinary system

Answer 33

maintains the volume and composition of the internal environment. It also is responsible for excretion of fluid and blood-borne waste

Question 34

Reproductive system

Answer 34

Females: produce eggs. After fertilization, the reproductive system affords a protected environment for the development of the embryo
Males: produce and transfer sperm to the female