Human Biology Flashcards
Basic Body Plan
- The body can be divided into different components.
- These components can include cavities, tissue type, and systems.
Two types of cavities
Dorsal and Ventral
Cavities
- internal spaces that house internal organs
- the spaces within the body which contain the internal organs or viscera
Dorsal cavity
- “back” or posterior
- bony cavity which is located near the dorsal (posterior) body surface. It may be subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral or spinal cavity.
Cranial cavity
holds the brain
Vertebral or spinal cavity
contains the spinal cord
Ventral cavity
- “front” or anterior
- located near the ventral or anterior body surface. It is subdivided into
- the thoracic or chest cavity - which contain the diaphragm, pericardial cavity and pleural sacs and lungs. (lungs, heart, & organs of cardiovascular system)
- Abdominopelvic cavity - which contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region
Abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys and ureters (digestive & excratory system)
Pelvic cavity
contains the urinary bladder, parts of the large intestines, and in females, the reproductive organs.
Scrotal cavity
(found only in males)
- contains the male reproductive organs
- which is located outside of the body
Tissues
-composed of specialized cells which perform a specialized function
Types of tissues
epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective
Epithelial tissue
- Forms a thin protective layer on exposed bodily surfaces and forms the lining of internal cavities, ducts and organs. The are responsible for secretions and absorption. (covers all body parts-inside an outside)
- participates in secretion & absoption
- found lining the inside & outside of the body
3 types of epithelial tissues
–Squamous - irregular shape and flattened edges (appearance = flattened egg)
–Cuboidal - cube-shaped (associated with large & small intestines)
–Columnar - column-shaped (associated with respiratory system)
Muscle tissue
- composed of long cells called muscle fibers
-composed of sacromeres, thin filaments, thick filament
-sacromere are composed of proteins that contract giving the muscle flexibility - thick & thin filaments give appearance of light/dark bonding pattern (striation)
•It is the most abundant tissue type in a typical animal
•3 types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
Skeletal muscles
attached to bones by tendons. They are responsible for voluntary movements. They are striped or striated in appearance. (having a light and dark banding pattern)
-(striated in appearance & under voluntary control)
Cardiac muscle
forms the contractile tissue of the heart. It is striated in appearance. It is under involuntary control
Smooth muscles
gets it name from their lack of striations. They are found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder and arteries. They are under involuntary control.
-associated with digestive system, not striated, under involuntary control
Nervous tissue
- forms a communication and coordination system within the body. The nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the body to another. The structural and functional units is called a nerve cell or neuron
- allows for communication between all parts of the body, internal & external
- The response is via stimulus / recepter interaction
Connective tissue
this is a tissue that is composed of a small or sparse population of cells which are scattered through a nonliving substance called a matrix. The cells synthesize the matrix which is usually a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly or solid.
-(composed of small # of cells in matrix [ non-living substance made by the cells])
Connective tissues
bind and support other tissue.
-include:
•Loose connective tissue-the most common type. It serves mainly as a binding and packing material, holding other tissues and organs in place
Adipose tissue
contains fats, which pads and insulate the body and stores energy
Blood
contain a fluid matrix called plasma. The blood function mainly in transporting substances from one part of the body to another.
Integumentary system
Protect underlying tissue (skin). Primary defense against infection
Skeletal
support body structure and protect soft internal organs
Muscular system
produces body movement and body heat
Nervous system
detects changes that occur inside and outside of the body. It also interprets and acts on these changes
Endocrine system
produce hormones which regulate bodily activity
Digestive system
converts food into molecules that can be absorbed by cells
Respiratory system
exchanges gases with the blood and air
Circulatory system
transports many material to and from cells. This system helps stabilize the internal pH and temperature
Lymphatic system
collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream. It defends the body against infection and tissue damage.
Urinary system
maintains the volume and composition of the internal environment. It also is responsible for excretion of fluid and blood-borne waste
Reproductive system
Females: produce eggs. After fertilization, the reproductive system affords a protected environment for the development of the embryo
Males: produce and transfer sperm to the female