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Biology 101 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecology

A

-Science which allows one to study the interactions of the organism (biotic factors) with the environment (abiotic factors)

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2
Q

biotic

A
  • living things

- organisms

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3
Q

abiotic

A

non-living things

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4
Q

Population

A

all organisms within an area belonging to the same species

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5
Q

Species

A

a group of interbreeding subpopulation that share a gene pool and are reproductively isolated from other species

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6
Q

Communities

A

consist of all the various populations interacting at a locale or a specific area of the ecosystem

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

contains communities (biotic) and non-living things (abiotic factors)

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8
Q

Biosphere

A

that portion of the earth’s surface where living things exist.

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9
Q

Two parts of the biosphere

A

land or terrestrial biomes

Aquatic biomes

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10
Q

Terrestrial biomes (land biomes)

A

Are categorized based on the climate, type of vegetation and type of animals.

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11
Q

Tropical rain forest

A

has a large number of trees. The temperature and amount of rainfall are high. Types of animals found in this biomes include monkeys, snakes, and birds
•Ex. Costa Rica

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12
Q

Savanna

A

grassland with scattered trees. The temperature is high and the rainfall is low. Type of animals: giraffes, zebras, and lions
•Ex: Kenya

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13
Q

Desert

A

Biome with little or no vegetation. It has sparse rainfall. Daytime temperatures are high and night time temperature often drops to freezing. Animals are nocturnal (sleeping in the day and active at night) They include ants, lizards and snakes
•Ex: Deserts of Southern California

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14
Q

Chaparral

A

a region of dense, spiny shrubs. Climate: mild and rainy winters and long, hot and dry summers. Animals: deer, fruit-eating birds, lizards and snakes

	•Ex: Canyons of Southern California
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15
Q

Temperate grassland

A

this biome is relatively treeless. It is found in region of relatively cold winter. It has moderate rainfall and moderate temperature. Animals of the grassland include bison, gazelles, and sheep
•Ex: Prairies in central North America

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16
Q

Temperate deciduous forest

A

Characterized by deciduous trees (these are trees that drop their leaves before winter because of ineffective photosynthesis). Temperature range from very cold winters to hot summers. High rainfall. Animals include whitetail deer, bobcats, and mountain lions
•Ex. Eastern United States

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17
Q

he taiga (coniferous forest).

A
  • Vegetation: cone bearing trees such as the pines and spruce trees.
  • Temperature: Harsh winters and short summers
  • Animals: squirrels, deer, beavers
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18
Q

Tundra

A

Characterized by a condition known as permafrost. There is little light for long periods of time
•Temperature: bitterly cold temperature with high winds
•Vegetation: no trees.
•Animals: musk oxen and caribou

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19
Q

Aquatic biomes

A
  • Covers about 75% of the planet surface.

* Two types: freshwater and marine

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20
Q

Freshwater biomes

A

include lakes, ponds, rivers and streams

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21
Q

Marine biomes

A

include estuaries and the ocean

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22
Q

Estuaries

A

the area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean

23
Q

Ocean-can be divided into different zones:

A

–Intertidal zone-the area where the land meets the sea
–Pelagic zone-open ocean itself
–Benthic zone-the seafloor

24
Q

Population Ecology

A

This area of ecology focuses on factors that influence a population size (number of individuals), growth rate of the population (rate of change in population size), density (number of individual per unit area), and features of the population structure (relative number of individuals of different ages)

25
Q

Population dynamics

A

how individuals or different species react with one another when they share the same natural resources such as water and food supply. If focuses of the relationships that exists among the different species in a community

26
Q

Population density

A

Factors which affect population density include logistic growth and carrying capacity of the land

27
Q

Logistic growth

A

affected by environmental factors that restrict the population growth. This include the available nutrients and space. (GROWTH CURVE_

28
Q

Carrying capacity of the land

A

The number of individuals of a population that the environment can just maintain with no net increase or decrease in population size

29
Q

Two general type of factors that limit population growth

A
  1. Density dependent growth factors

2. Density independent growth factors

30
Q

Density dependent growth factors

A

population growth is limited by the density of the population. There is a limited food supply and a buildup of toxic waste. Such factors depress a population’s growth rate by increasing the death rate and decreasing the birth rate.

31
Q

Density independent growth factors

A

population growth is limited by natural disasters such as the climate or earthquake.

32
Q

A community

A

an assemblage of all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

33
Q

Competition

A

a relationship where two populations compete for the same resources (food, space, light)
–Two types of competition
•Interspecific-competition between two population
•Intraspecific -competition within or among a population.

34
Q

Predation

A

an interaction where one species eats another. The consumer is called a predator and the food or species eaten is called the prey

35
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

A close association between two or more species during part or all of their life cycle. Types of symbiotic relationships include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism

36
Q

Parasitism

A

directly benefit one species and harms the other. Example: Liver flukes in the intestines of large animals

37
Q

Commensalism

A

directly helps one species but does not affect the other much, if at all. Example: birds roosting in a tree. The birds are protected but the tree get nothing in return nor is it hurt

38
Q

Mutualism

A

a relationship where two species take advantage of their partner in ways that benefit both.
•Example: relationships that exist between flowering plants and insects. The hummingbird is a pollinator for some flowering plants. The plant provides the bird with nutrients (nectar)

39
Q

The ecosystem

A

is composed of autotrophs (self-feeders or plants) and heterotrophs (non-self feeders_

40
Q

Autotrophs

A

are the primary producers of the system. They secure energy from the environment for the entire system

41
Q

Heterotrophs

A

are also known as consumers. They extract energy from compounds that are made by the primary producers.

42
Q

Types of heterotrophs

A
  • Herbivores-eat plants
  • Carnivores-eat animals
  • Ominovores-eat both plants and animals
  • Parasites-extract energy from their host
  • Decomposers-obtain energy by breaking down the remains of organisms
43
Q

trophic levels

A

Organism can be classified in terms of the hierarchy of feeding relationships

44
Q

producers

A

the first trophic level of the food or energy pyramid

45
Q

primary consumers

A

the second trophic level of the food or energy pyramid. They feed directly on the producers.

46
Q

secondary consumers

A

the third trophic level of the food or energy pyramid. consume primary consumers.

47
Q

Tertiary consumers

A

the fourth trophic level of the food pyramid. They consume secondary consumers

48
Q

Energy transfer in the ecosystem

A

As one moves from one trophic level to the next, there is a loss of metabolic energy into waste material. This means that useable energy flowing through the trophic level declines at each energy transfer. Only about 10% of the energy is transferred.

49
Q

Difference between fresh water and salt water biomes

A

amount of salt which affects vegetation

50
Q

lag phase

A

plenty of nutrients and space. period of adjustments

51
Q

log phase

A

exponential growth, low in nutrients, low in space

52
Q

stationary phase

A

phase or carrying capacity of land. birth=death

53
Q

types of heterotrophs

A

herbivores: only eat plants
carnivores: eat plants and animals
omnivores: eat both
parasites: extract energy/nutrients from a host
decomposers: obtain energy from dead/decaying organisms

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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