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BHSc > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system

Describe the divisions of the NS

A

Essentially a communication system

CNS
PNS - sensory/motor division
Motor - autonomic/somatic
Autonomic - PSNS/SNS

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2
Q

Explain the effects on the body system when SNS is activated

A

Flight or fright

Reduced GI activity 
Bronchodilation
Reduced UO
HR increased
RR increased
Dilated pupils 
Increases metabolic rate 
Piloerection
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3
Q

Explain what happens to the body system when PSNS is in effect

A

Rest and digest

Bronchiole construction
Relaxes urinary sphincters
Pupil constriction
Stimulates production of saliva, tears, gastric juice

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4
Q

What are the meningeal layers

A

PAD

Pia - inner
Arachnoid - middle
Dura - outer (has 2 layers - thick outer one connected to the skull, inner thin layer. Space between is where the venous blood from the cerebral circulation collects)

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5
Q

Describe the cerebellum

Function

A

Large cauliflower like structures that projects dorsally under the occipital lobe.

Responsible for proper balance and posture. Provides instructions to the cerebral motor cortex resulting in smooth coordinated muscle movements

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6
Q

Describe the brain stem

A

Size of a thumb, approx 3 inches long

Midbrain - visual and auditory reflex centre

Pons - relays info from the cerebrum to the cerebellum

Medulla oblongata - relays sensory pathway impulses from skin/proprioceptors

Reticular formation - maintains cerebral alertness. Extends the entire length of the brain stem

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7
Q

Describe the diencephalon

A

Sits atop the brain stem

Thalamus - relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex, involved in memory

Hypothalamus - regulates ANS and body processes

Epithalamus - forms the roof of the third ventricle

Limbic system - mediates emotional responses

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8
Q

What is meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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9
Q

What is hydrocephalus ?

A

Water on the brain

In a newborn this can cause the baby’s head to enlarge as the brain size increases

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10
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Least permeable capillaries in the whole body; seamlessly bound together by tight junctions all around

Water soluble substances i.e water, glucose, essential amino acids pass easily through

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11
Q

What does CSF do?

A

Forms a watery cushion that protects the fragile nervous tissue from blows and other trauma

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12
Q

What is a concussion?

A

A form of minor TBI - when they are showing signs of mild brain injury but no visible injury is seen on a CT

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13
Q

What kind of brain contusions result in coma?

A

Brain stem

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14
Q

What is a CVA?

If there is left sided paralysis what is likely to be involved ?

What about if there is aphasia?

A

Cerebrovascular accident - STROKE.
Either by ischemia or haemorrhage

Right motor cortex of the frontal lobe

Left cerebral hemisphere where the language areas are located

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15
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Transient ischemic attack - people call these mini strokes.

Temporary brain ischemia or restriction to Bf, symptoms disappear within 24hrs

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16
Q

Neural tissue has two kinds of cells, what are they?

A

Neurons - excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

Glial cells - surrounds, supports and protects neurons. Non excitable

17
Q

What are the two major functional properties of neurons?

A

Irritability - ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse

Conductivity - ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles and glands

18
Q

What are interneurons?

A

They transmit directly between affector/effector pathways to create motor reflexes such as the knee jerk response

19
Q

Neurons.

Efferent ?

Affferent?

A

Motor neuron - away from the CNS

Sensory neuron - towards the CNS

20
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

Specialised nerve endings associated with pain that we associate with tissue damage.

21
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

Pain we consciously interpret as a warning or evidence of tissue damage such as a burns

22
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Rapid predictable involuntary responses to a stimuli

23
Q

What are the two reflex pathways reflexes occur over?

What are these called?

A

Somatic - all that stimulate the skeletal muscle
Autonomic - regulates the activity of smooth muscles, heart, glands, changes in pupil size

Reflex arcs

24
Q

Name some glial cell types

Briefly explain each one

A

Astrocytes - roles include regulation of water volume and electrolyte connection of neural tissue

Microglia - sense the presence of infection, inflammation or physical damage to the tissue surrounding the neurons

Schwann cells -provide the myelin sheath material for the neurons of the PNS

Ependymal cells - line the fluid filled ventricles of the brain, helps from the CNSF and regulates its flow

Oligodendrocytes - proxies the physical support to the axons as well as produce myelin for the axonal sheath of the neurons

25
Q

Describe the electrochemical events of neuronal repolarisation

What is an electrochemical event?

A

*transmission of an impulse

Axon potential reaches an axon terminal - the electrical change opens calcium channels.

Calcium causes tiny vesicles containing the neurotransmitter chemical to fuse with the axonal membrane, pore like openings form - releasing the transmitter

The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synapse and bind to the membrane of the next neuron.

If enough neurotransmitter is released, the whole series of events will occurs (as above)

26
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic.
Contains the nerves that transmit afferent signals that we are consciously aware of

Autonomic.
Also has two divisions - sympathetic and para sympathetic.
Transmit efferent signals to muscles and organs that automatically regulated

27
Q

What’s quadriplegic vs paraplegic?

A

All four limbs

Legs only

28
Q

What is the collection of spinal nerves at the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Cauda equina

29
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus?

A

Abnormal decrease in stroke volume, blood pressure and pulse wave amplitude during inspiration.

30
Q

Explain the nerve impulse cycle (6 steps )

A

If can’t - watch a video, try to explain it again

31
Q

Pain.

C fibers vs A fibers

A

C = associated with slow and less localised pain

A = sharp fast and localised sensations

32
Q

Explain pain physiology

A

If can’t - watch video, try to explain again

33
Q

Factors that influence pain interpretation

A

Age
Previous experience
Gender
Ethnic and cultural mores

34
Q

What is vestibular sense ?

A

Comes from our inner ear, when it’s activated and there is a change in gravity or head moves.
Helps us to maintain positioning/balance and stops objects blurring when head moves

35
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Sixth sense

Sense of self movement and body position. Mediated by proprioceptors, mechanosensory neurons located in the muscles tendons and joints

36
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

37
Q

What is the cranial nerve that extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

Vague nerve

38
Q

Name the cranial nerves

Explain briefly

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

Watch video if can’t answer the second question

39
Q

What is the Babinskis test?

A

To test for a sign of an underlying nervous system or brain condition causing your reflexes to react abnormally

Run a pointed object against the lateral aspect of the lower foot, towards the big toe

BHSc (6 decks)

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