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BHSc > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two anatomical division for pathogens?

Briefly explain each one

A

Acellular infectious agents.

Tiniest pathogens, no organelles that respite to produce energy,

Cellular micro organism.

More complex living organism - have 2 branches

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2
Q

What are the two sub branches of cellular micro organisms?

Briefly explain each one

A

Prokaryotes

Simplest of cell structures, no clear nucleus, enzymes enfolded in the CM undertake a number of energy producing reactions

Eukaryote

More complex cellular pathogenic structures. Most of the human cells are of this type; they have a cell membrane encasing a number of organelles.

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3
Q

Examples of acellular pathogens

A

Viruses

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4
Q

Examples of cellular micro organisms

A

Fungi (yeast/mould infections)

Algae

Protozoa; single called mechanism residing in mostly soil/water - has a two stage life span.

1) motile stage - where they move, feed, divide
2) cystic stage - non motile, dormant

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5
Q

Explain briefly how bacteria become resistant to drugs

A

Can’t answer - watch YouTube video and explain again

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6
Q

What are ‘superbugs’

Examples

A

Refers to an organism that is resistant to only one or multiple microbial agents.

MRSA
VRE

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7
Q

What are the three ways antifungal agents work?

A

By binding to CM sterols

By interfering with sterol synthesis

By blocking mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis

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8
Q

Why are antivirus agents difficult to develop?

A

Viruses are produced within host cell

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9
Q

Synergism vs antagonism

A

S = Use of 2 antimicrobial agents to treat an infectious disease that produces a degree of pathogen killing that is far greater than achieved by either drug alone

A = When the use of two drugs produces an extent of pathogen killing that is less than achieved by either drug alone

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10
Q

What is pencillin?

A

B-lactam AB

They interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls and have max effect on bacteria that are actively dividing

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11
Q

What are aminoglycosides?

A

Broad spectrum AB - exerts their effects by targeting bacterial ribosomes. Effective against a wide range of bacteria.

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12
Q

What is a AB

A

Substance produced by a microorganism that is effective in killing or inhabiting the growth of other micro organisms

Produced by certain moulds, bacteria (those that like in soil)

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13
Q

What are antibacterial agents used to treat?

A

Range of fungi diseases

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14
Q

What do sulfonamide drugs do?

Why are sulfa frugs therefore, a competitive inhibitor?

A

Inhibits production of folic acid, in the bacteria that require PABA to synthesise folic acid.

Without folic acid, bacteria can’t produce essential proteins and will die.

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15
Q

Name the five most common mechanisms of antimicrobial agent?

A
  1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. Damage to CMS
  3. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  4. Inhibition of protein synthesis
  5. Inhibition of enzyme activity
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16
Q

What is a antimicrobial agent?

A

Any chemical used to treat a man infectious disease, either by inhibiting or killing pathogens in vivo.

To be acceptable, must minimum inhibit or destroy the pathogen without damaging the host, to accomplish this the agent must target a metabolic process or structure possessed by the pathogen but not possessed by the host.

17
Q

What kind of drugs can suppress the immune system?

Why do they suppress the immune system?

A

Immunosuppressant drugs like antibiotics
Cytotoxic Ca drugs

They allow bacteria that would harmlessly colonise some parts of the body to replicate more quickly, migrate and produce endotoxins resulting in illness

18
Q

Presence of COPD and immunosuppressed?

A

COPD reduces the amount of cilia of the endothelial cells of the lower airways, these are responsible for elevating foreign material including bacterium back up the airway - thus, their depletion makes these sufferers more susceptible to bacterial infections

19
Q

Briefly explain the lytic cycle

A

If can’t, watch YouTube video and try to explain again

20
Q

Bacterial cell walls.

Explain the two subdivisions based on the properties of their cell walls response to gram staining.

A

Gram negative
Cell has a thin layer of peptidoglycan (appears pink after gram staining)

Outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide (IPL), also known as endotoxin.

Gram positive
Cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycam (appears dark purple after staining)

21
Q

Name some different antibiotics

A 
Augmentin
Gentamicin
Flucloxacillin
Erythromycin
Ceftriaxone
Trimethoprim
Roxithromycin
22
Q

Explain how a viral infection happens

A

If can’t, watch YouTube video, try to explain again

23
Q

What is glandular fever or EBV

Symptoms ?

A

Virus with similar presentation to toxoplasmosis.

Fatigue 
Rash
Loss of appetite
Sore throat
Swollen glands in neck
Weakness
Sore muscles
24
Q

What is toxoplasmosis

Ways of transmission

A

Condition caused by infection of the protozoa cells with parasitic properties toxoplasma Gondi

Direct contact with Faeces that contain parasite
Indirect contact via eating or drinking contaminated water or food
Mother to child during pregnancy
Receive infected organ transplant of blood transfusion (rare)

25
Q

Explain the life cycle of toxoplasmosis

A

Involves multiple hosts - cats are the reservoir for infection

Begins with unsporulated oocysts are shed in cats faeces. Takes 1-5 days to sporulate in the environment, becomes infective.

Intermediate hosts are birds or rodents who become infective after ingesting soil or water that’s contaminated

One ingested, they become tachyzoites (fast replicating form leading to systemic infection) - localises in host neural and muscle tissue forming tissue cysts.

26
Q

Symptoms of toxoplasmosis

A

Flu like symptoms

Body aches
Swollen lymph nosed
Headache
Fever
Fatigue

Can last for months or longer, usually resolved without meds

27
Q

Toxoplasmosis:

Risk factors for serious problems if?

A

Pregnant, have HIV/AIDS, chemo, steroids or immunosuppressant meds

28
Q

What happens with the infant if infected with toxoplasmosis during pregnancy ?

A 
Can lead to serious problems such as:
Seizures
Enlarged liver or spleen
Jaundice
Severe eye infections

Or they may even develop symptoms later in their teens such as mental disability’s or signs of hearing loss

29
Q

What is a parasite ?

A

Any organism that lives in or on another organism, without benefiting the organism host

30
Q

What is a Protozoa ?

A

Single celled, microscopic organisms that can perform all necessary functions of metabolism and reproduction

31
Q

What are cilia?

A

Tiny hair like structures that cover the outside of the microbe. They beat in a regular continuous pattern

32
Q

What is amoeboid movement ?

A

The organism moves by sending out pseudopodia, temporary protrusions that fill with cytoplasm that flows from the body to the cell

33
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long thread like structures that extend from the cells surface. The flagella move in a whip like motion that produces waves that propel the microbe around

BHSc (6 decks)

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