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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the coverings of the brain called?

A

Meninges

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2
Q

How to ependymal cells prevent cerebrospinal fluid from leaking?

A

Tight junctions

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3
Q

Basal nuclei

A
  • subconscious learned motor patterns (walking, etc)
  • helps control eye movements, decision making, working memory
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4
Q

In which lobe of the brain does humor originate?

A

Parietal lobe

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5
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus make up the:

A

Diencephalon

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6
Q

Somatic motor association area

A
  • Just anterior to primary motor cortex
  • Involved in preperation to move
  • Coordination of learned movements

(also called premotor cortex)

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7
Q

Happens when chemically gated Na+ channels open

A

EPSP

(excitatory post synaptic signal)

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8
Q

Central sulcus

A

Seperates the frontal and parietal lobes

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9
Q

Which types of neurotransmitters cause EPSPs on ganglia?

A

nicotinic neurotransmitters

(AcH)

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10
Q

Special Senses

A
  1. Smell
  2. Taste
  3. Vision
  4. Balance (equilibrium)
  5. Hearing
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11
Q
A

Schwann cell

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12
Q

Neurotubule

A

Microtubules - hollow tubes made up of tubulin protein polymers.

Used to transport stuff down axons / dendrites

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
  • Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord
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14
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Seperates the left and right hemospheres of the cerebrum

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15
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Central nervous system neuroglia

Myelinate axons in central nervous system. Provide structural framework.

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

Peripheral nervous system neuroglia

Surround all axons in peripheral nervous system. Responsible for myelination and participate in repair process.

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17
Q

What are the high parts of the wrinkles of the cerebrum called?

A

Gyri

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18
Q

Which type of neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic post-ganglionic nerves?

A

Usually Adenergic

Can be cholinergic only if not also innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system

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19
Q
A

A) Thalamus

B) Midbrain

C) Pons

D) Medulla Oblongata

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20
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Seperates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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21
Q

Large, quick, voltage difference on the axon

A

action potential

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22
Q

Which connective tissue layer surrounds each myelinated axis in a peripheral nerve?

A

endoneurium

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23
Q

Grey matter

A

Mostly cell bodies (somas)

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24
Q

interneuron

A

hook up sensory and motor neurons to create a feedback loop for reflexes

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25
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic division
  2. Parasympathetic division
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26
Q

Satellite cells

A

Peripheral nervous system neuroglia

Surround neural bodies in ganglia and regulate O2, Co2, nutrients, and neurotransmitters

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27
Q

Sensory division of the peripheral nervous system also called:

A

Afferent division

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28
Q

Auditory association area

A

word association

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29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Centers for controlling :

  • emotions
  • Centers for controlling autonomic functions
  • hormone production

connected to pituitary

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30
Q

neurofibrils / neurofilaments

A

Intermediate fillaments which form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structural support for the axons

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31
Q

Anterograde transport

A

from - to +

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32
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay and processing for sensory information

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33
Q

What are the different types of nerve fibers in the brain based on where they go?

A

Association Fibers: Connect the same hemosphere

Commissural Fibers: Connect the two hemospheres

Projection Fibers: Connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain or spinal cord

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34
Q

Which cortexes are in the Temporal lobe?

A
  • Auditory
  • Gustatory
  • Equilibrium
  • Olfactory
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35
Q

Motor division of the peripheral nervous system also called:

A

Efferent division

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36
Q

What are the three layers of the Meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
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37
Q
A

Ependymal cells

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38
Q

Which connective tissue layer surrounds each fascicle in a peripheral nerve?

A

perineurium

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39
Q

Which motor protein conducts retrograde transport?

A

Dynesin moves stuff along the neurotubules in the negative direction

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40
Q
A

Mamillary body

(on the hypothalamus)

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41
Q

Which area of the brain allows you to make plans for the future?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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42
Q

Happens when chemically gated K+ channels open

A

IPSP

(inhibitory post synaptic potential)

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43
Q

Action potential jumping from node to node

A

sultatory conduction

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44
Q

Which cortex is in the occipital lobe?

A

Visual cortex

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45
Q
A

Medullary pyramids

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46
Q

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervious system has ganglia close to the target tissue?

A

Parasympathetic

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47
Q

Types of visceral sensory receptors

A
  • baroreceptors - pressure / stretching
  • chemoreceptors - chemical changes
  • nocioreceptors - pain
  • thermoreceptors - temp
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48
Q

Types of graded potential summations

A
  1. Temporal summation: single synapse is repetedly activated
  2. Spatial summation: addition of stimuli from multiple synaps
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49
Q

Type B axons

A

Small myelinated

40 mph

temp, pain, smooth uscle, cardiac, glands

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50
Q

Sensory nerves that convey signals from the internal organs:

A

Visceral sensory fibers

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51
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid created?

A

In the choroid plexus in each of the four ventricles

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52
Q
A

Astrocyte

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53
Q

How are neurotransmitters released at the axon terminals?

A

voltage gated Ca2+

54
Q

Voluntary nervous system also called:

A

Somatic nervous system

55
Q

Association area

A
  • Located next to areas for processing visual in / motor out
  • interperate incomming data and coordinate the response
56
Q
A

Microglia

57
Q
A

Cerebellar Peduncles

From top to bottom:

superior, middle, inferior

58
Q

Which type of neurotransmitters are released by parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerves?

A

muscaritic

59
Q

Voltage range where Na+ channels are open

A

Open: -55mV

Close: +30mV

60
Q
A

Oligodendrocyte

61
Q

Microglia

A

Central nervous system neuroglia

Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by endocytosis.

62
Q

Cererum

A
  • conscious thought / intellectual functions
  • memory storage and processing
  • conscious and subconscious controll of skeletal muscles
63
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Located on the precentral gyrus

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

64
Q

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervious system has ganglia close to the spinal cord?

A

Sympathetic

65
Q

Type C axons

A

small unmyelinated

2-3 mph

digestion, burning pain, autonomic stuff

66
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Polarization is not yet complete, but the Na+ gates are no longer disabled

Usually takes a larger stimulous to trigger an action potential because the cell is hyper polarized

67
Q

Type A axons

A

Large myelinated

300 mph

Somatic neurons, position, balance, touch

68
Q

Gap in myelin sheath

A

node of ranvier

69
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

Seperates the parietal and occipital lobes

70
Q

Sensory nerves that convey signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints:

A

Somatic sensory fibers

71
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • Relays sensory information to the the thalamus and rest of the brain stem
  • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive)
72
Q
A

Cerebral peduncles

73
Q

Pons

A
  • Relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus
  • Subconscious somatic and visceral motor sensors
74
Q

Which motor protein conducts anteretrograde transport?

A

Kinesin moves stuff along the neurotubules in the positive direction

75
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • Anterior bit of frontal lobe
  • Executive functions, such as problem solving, temporal thinking, planning, self control
76
Q

What are the grooves in the wrinkles in the cerebrum called?

A

Sulci

77
Q

Somatic association area

A

Interperates data from primary sensory cortex

78
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A
  • Processes visual and auditory inputs (colliculi)
  • Generates reflexive somatic motor responses
  • Controlles sleep / wake cycles / arousal / alertness
  • Controlls temperature regulation
79
Q

Period of time, prior to repolarization, where another action potential can be generated

A

Relative refractory period

80
Q

Where does a graded potential turn into an action potential?

A

Axon hillock

81
Q

What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory division (afferent)
  2. Motor division (efferent)
82
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Above the kidneys

Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

83
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Central nervous system neuroglia

Line ventricles and central canal. Assist in producing , circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid.

84
Q
A

Satellite cells

85
Q

Which connective tissue layer sourrounds a peripheral nerve

A

epineurium

86
Q

Precentral gyrus

A
  • Just anteerior to the central sulcus
  • Site of the primary motor cortex
87
Q

Astrocytes

A

Central nervous system neuroglia

Maintain blood-brain barrier. Provide structural support. Regulate concentrations of ions, nutrients, gases. Form scar tissue after injury.

88
Q

Period of time when another action potential can not be generated

A

Absolute refractory period

89
Q

Which area of the brain primarily controlls voluntary movement?

A

Primary motor cortex

90
Q

White matter

A

Mostly myellinated axons

91
Q

What are the types of neurotransmitter?

A
  • Adrenergic
    • α1 = norepinephrine stimulatory
    • α2 = norepinephrine inhibitory
    • β1 = epinephrine stimulatory
    • β2 = epinephrine inhibitory
  • Cholinergic (always acetylcholine)
    • Nicotinic = always stimulatory
    • Muscarinic = either stimulatory or inhibitory
92
Q

General senses

A
  1. Touch
  2. Pressure
  3. Vibration
  4. Pain
  5. Temperature
  6. Proprioception
93
Q

Visual cortex

A

Processing visual input and motor control for eyeballs

94
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Na+ gates are temporarily disabled preventing another action potential too soon

  • Prevents signal from going backwards
  • Insures distinct pulses
95
Q

Retrograde transport

A

from + to -

96
Q

Which area of the brain is involved in preperations to move?

A

Premotor cortex

97
Q

Premotor cortex

A
  • Just anterior to primary motor cortex
  • Involved in preperation to move
  • Coordination of learned movements

(also called somatic motor association area)

98
Q

Voltage range where K+ channels are open

A

Open: +30mV

Close: -90mV

99
Q

Connects the two hemospheres of the cerebrum

A

corpus callosum

100
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A
  • Just posterior to the central sulcus
  • Site of the primary somatosensory cortex
101
Q

Small, localized voltage difference on the soma or dendrites

A

graded potential

102
Q

Involuntary nervous system also called:

A

Autonomic nervous system

103
Q
A
104
Q

Where do long term memories reside?

A

Cerebral cortex

Different parts of the memory are stored in the appropriate area, depending on whether they relate to vision, taste, smell, emotion, etc

105
Q

Amigdila

A
  • Interface between cerebrum and limbic system / sensory system
  • Involved in fight or flight / anxiety
  • Involved in linking emotions with specific memories
106
Q

What are the five major nuclei of the thalamus?

A
  1. Anterior group
  2. Medial group
  3. Ventral group
  4. Posterior group
  5. Lateral group
107
Q

Anterior group of thalamic nuclei

A
  • Emotion and motivation
  • Part of the limbic system
108
Q

Medial group of thalamic nuclei

A
  • Connects emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe of the corresponding cerebral hemisphere
  • Creates awairness of emotional state
109
Q

Ventral group of thalamic nuclei

A
  • Relays information from the cerebellum and basal nucle in the cerebrum to motor areas in the cortex
  • Relays general censory information to the cortex
110
Q

Lateral group of thalamic nuclei

A

Forms feedback loops between the limbic system and the parietal lobe

111
Q

Posterior group of thalamic nuclei

A

Relays visual information from the eyes to the occipital lobe

112
Q

Nerves that connect different areas of the same hemosphere

A

Association fibers

113
Q

Nerves that connect the same area on the opposite hemosphere

A

commissural fibers

114
Q

Nerves that connect the cerebrum with the brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

A

projection fibers

115
Q

Neurolemma

A

outer, nucleated layer of schwann cells

forms protective layer

116
Q

A positive feedback mechanism where a signal can end up looping and strengthening itself

A

Reverberation

117
Q

Superior and inferior colliculi functions

A

Superior: Processes visual stimuli

Inferior: Processes audotory stemuli

(visual and auditory startle reflexes)

118
Q

Reticular formation

(reticular activating system)

A

Interconnected nuclei that extend from the medula, through the pons, and into the midbrain.

Controls vital autonomic functions, such as breathing, cardiovascular system, swallowing

119
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves exit the spinal column?

A

Between T1 - ~L1-3

120
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves exit the spinal column?

A

Cranial nerves (oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)

Sacrum (S2-4)

121
Q

Rods

A

Phptoreceptor cell that can sense black and white

122
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptor cells that can sense color

123
Q
A

Ora Serrata

(boundary between ciliary body and retena)

124
Q
A

Ciliary Body

  • Anchors and controlls the shape of the lense
  • Produces aqueous humor
  • Produces Vitreous humor
125
Q
A

Choroid

  • Vascular connective tissue layer of the eye
  • Just superficial to the retena
126
Q
A
127
Q
A
128
Q

How does an individual eyeball focus?

A

The cilliary muscle changes the shape of the lens

129
Q

Name the ossicles!

A
130
Q

Where in the ear detects sound?

A

Cochlea

131
Q

Where in the ear detects rotational acceleration?

A

Semicircular canals

132
Q

Where in the ear detects head position and linear acceleration?

A

The Utricle and Saccule

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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