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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(132 cards)

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1
Q

What are the coverings of the brain called?

A

Meninges

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2
Q

How to ependymal cells prevent cerebrospinal fluid from leaking?

A

Tight junctions

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3
Q

Basal nuclei

A
  • subconscious learned motor patterns (walking, etc)
  • helps control eye movements, decision making, working memory
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4
Q

In which lobe of the brain does humor originate?

A

Parietal lobe

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5
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus make up the:

A

Diencephalon

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6
Q

Somatic motor association area

A
  • Just anterior to primary motor cortex
  • Involved in preperation to move
  • Coordination of learned movements

(also called premotor cortex)

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7
Q

Happens when chemically gated Na+ channels open

A

EPSP

(excitatory post synaptic signal)

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8
Q

Central sulcus

A

Seperates the frontal and parietal lobes

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9
Q

Which types of neurotransmitters cause EPSPs on ganglia?

A

nicotinic neurotransmitters

(AcH)

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10
Q

Special Senses

A
  1. Smell
  2. Taste
  3. Vision
  4. Balance (equilibrium)
  5. Hearing
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11
Q
A

Schwann cell

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12
Q

Neurotubule

A

Microtubules - hollow tubes made up of tubulin protein polymers.

Used to transport stuff down axons / dendrites

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
  • Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord
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14
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Seperates the left and right hemospheres of the cerebrum

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15
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Central nervous system neuroglia

Myelinate axons in central nervous system. Provide structural framework.

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

Peripheral nervous system neuroglia

Surround all axons in peripheral nervous system. Responsible for myelination and participate in repair process.

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17
Q

What are the high parts of the wrinkles of the cerebrum called?

A

Gyri

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18
Q

Which type of neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic post-ganglionic nerves?

A

Usually Adenergic

Can be cholinergic only if not also innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system

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19
Q
A

A) Thalamus

B) Midbrain

C) Pons

D) Medulla Oblongata

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20
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Seperates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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21
Q

Large, quick, voltage difference on the axon

A

action potential

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22
Q

Which connective tissue layer surrounds each myelinated axis in a peripheral nerve?

A

endoneurium

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23
Q

Grey matter

A

Mostly cell bodies (somas)

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24
Q

interneuron

A

hook up sensory and motor neurons to create a feedback loop for reflexes

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25
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
1. Sympathetic division 2. Parasympathetic division
26
Satellite cells
Peripheral nervous system neuroglia Surround neural bodies in ganglia and regulate O2, Co2, nutrients, and neurotransmitters
27
Sensory division of the peripheral nervous system also called:
Afferent division
28
Auditory association area
word association
29
Hypothalamus
Centers for controlling : * emotions * Centers for controlling autonomic functions * hormone production connected to pituitary
30
neurofibrils / neurofilaments
Intermediate fillaments which form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structural support for the axons
31
Anterograde transport
from - to +
32
Thalamus
Relay and processing for sensory information
33
What are the different types of nerve fibers in the brain based on where they go?
**Association Fibers:** Connect the same hemosphere **Commissural Fibers:** Connect the two hemospheres **Projection Fibers:** Connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain or spinal cord
34
Which cortexes are in the Temporal lobe?
* Auditory * Gustatory * Equilibrium * Olfactory
35
Motor division of the peripheral nervous system also called:
Efferent division
36
What are the three layers of the Meninges?
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid 3. Pia mater
37
Ependymal cells
38
Which connective tissue layer surrounds each fascicle in a peripheral nerve?
perineurium
39
Which motor protein conducts retrograde transport?
Dynesin moves stuff along the neurotubules in the negative direction
40
Mamillary body | (on the hypothalamus)
41
Which area of the brain allows you to make plans for the future?
Prefrontal cortex
42
Happens when chemically gated K+ channels open
IPSP | (inhibitory post synaptic potential)
43
Action potential jumping from node to node
sultatory conduction
44
Which cortex is in the occipital lobe?
Visual cortex
45
Medullary pyramids
46
Which subdivision of the autonomic nervious system has ganglia close to the target tissue?
Parasympathetic
47
Types of visceral sensory receptors
* baroreceptors - pressure / stretching * chemoreceptors - chemical changes * nocioreceptors - pain * thermoreceptors - temp
48
Types of graded potential summations
1. Temporal summation: single synapse is repetedly activated 2. Spatial summation: addition of stimuli from multiple synaps
49
Type B axons
Small myelinated 40 mph temp, pain, smooth uscle, cardiac, glands
50
Sensory nerves that convey signals from the internal organs:
Visceral sensory fibers
51
Where is cerebrospinal fluid created?
In the choroid plexus in each of the four ventricles
52
Astrocyte
53
How are neurotransmitters released at the axon terminals?
voltage gated Ca2+
54
Voluntary nervous system also called:
Somatic nervous system
55
Association area
* Located next to areas for processing visual in / motor out * interperate incomming data and coordinate the response
56
Microglia
57
Cerebellar Peduncles From top to bottom: superior, middle, inferior
58
Which type of neurotransmitters are released by *parasympathetic* post-ganglionic nerves?
muscaritic
59
Voltage range where Na+ channels are open
Open: -55mV Close: +30mV
60
Oligodendrocyte
61
Microglia
Central nervous system neuroglia Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by endocytosis.
62
Cererum
* conscious thought / intellectual functions * memory storage and processing * conscious and subconscious controll of skeletal muscles
63
Primary motor cortex
Located on the precentral gyrus Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
64
Which subdivision of the autonomic nervious system has ganglia close to the spinal cord?
Sympathetic
65
Type C axons
small *un*myelinated 2-3 mph digestion, burning pain, autonomic stuff
66
Relative refractory period
Polarization is not yet complete, but the Na+ gates are no longer disabled Usually takes a larger stimulous to trigger an action potential because the cell is hyper polarized
67
Type A axons
Large myelinated 300 mph Somatic neurons, position, balance, touch
68
Gap in myelin sheath
node of ranvier
69
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Seperates the parietal and occipital lobes
70
Sensory nerves that convey signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints:
Somatic sensory fibers
71
Medulla oblongata
* Relays sensory information to the the thalamus and rest of the brain stem * Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive)
72
Cerebral peduncles
73
Pons
* Relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus * Subconscious somatic and visceral motor sensors
74
Which motor protein conducts anteretrograde transport?
Kinesin moves stuff along the neurotubules in the positive direction
75
Prefrontal cortex
* Anterior bit of frontal lobe * Executive functions, such as problem solving, temporal thinking, planning, self control
76
What are the grooves in the wrinkles in the cerebrum called?
Sulci
77
Somatic association area
Interperates data from primary sensory cortex
78
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
* Processes visual and auditory inputs (colliculi) * Generates reflexive somatic motor responses * Controlles sleep / wake cycles / arousal / alertness * Controlls temperature regulation
79
Period of time, prior to repolarization, where another action potential can be generated
Relative refractory period
80
Where does a graded potential turn into an action potential?
Axon hillock
81
What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
1. Sensory division (afferent) 2. Motor division (efferent)
82
Adrenal gland
Above the kidneys Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
83
Ependymal cells
Central nervous system neuroglia Line ventricles and central canal. Assist in producing , circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid.
84
Satellite cells
85
Which connective tissue layer sourrounds a peripheral nerve
epineurium
86
Precentral gyrus
* Just anteerior to the central sulcus * Site of the primary motor cortex
87
Astrocytes
Central nervous system neuroglia Maintain blood-brain barrier. Provide structural support. Regulate concentrations of ions, nutrients, gases. Form scar tissue after injury.
88
Period of time when another action potential can not be generated
Absolute refractory period
89
Which area of the brain primarily controlls voluntary movement?
Primary motor cortex
90
White matter
Mostly myellinated axons
91
What are the types of neurotransmitter?
* Adrenergic * α1 = norepinephrine stimulatory * α2 = norepinephrine inhibitory * β1 = epinephrine stimulatory * β2 = epinephrine inhibitory * Cholinergic (always acetylcholine) * Nicotinic = always stimulatory * Muscarinic = either stimulatory or inhibitory
92
General senses
1. Touch 2. Pressure 3. Vibration 4. Pain 5. Temperature 6. Proprioception
93
Visual cortex
Processing visual input and motor control for eyeballs
94
Absolute refractory period
Na+ gates are temporarily disabled preventing another action potential too soon * Prevents signal from going backwards * Insures distinct pulses
95
Retrograde transport
from + to -
96
Which area of the brain is involved in preperations to move?
Premotor cortex
97
Premotor cortex
* Just anterior to primary motor cortex * Involved in preperation to move * Coordination of learned movements (also called somatic motor association area)
98
Voltage range where K+ channels are open
Open: +30mV Close: -90mV
99
Connects the two hemospheres of the cerebrum
corpus callosum
100
Postcentral gyrus
* Just posterior to the central sulcus * Site of the primary somatosensory cortex
101
Small, localized voltage difference on the soma or dendrites
graded potential
102
Involuntary nervous system also called:
Autonomic nervous system
103
104
Where do long term memories reside?
Cerebral cortex Different parts of the memory are stored in the appropriate area, depending on whether they relate to vision, taste, smell, emotion, etc
105
Amigdila
* Interface between cerebrum and limbic system / sensory system * Involved in fight or flight / anxiety * Involved in linking emotions with specific memories
106
What are the five major nuclei of the thalamus?
1. Anterior group 2. Medial group 3. Ventral group 4. Posterior group 5. Lateral group
107
Anterior group of thalamic nuclei
* Emotion and motivation * Part of the limbic system
108
Medial group of thalamic nuclei
* Connects emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe of the corresponding cerebral hemisphere * Creates awairness of emotional state
109
Ventral group of thalamic nuclei
* Relays information from the cerebellum and basal nucle in the cerebrum to motor areas in the cortex * Relays general censory information to the cortex
110
Lateral group of thalamic nuclei
Forms feedback loops between the limbic system and the parietal lobe
111
Posterior group of thalamic nuclei
Relays visual information from the eyes to the occipital lobe
112
Nerves that connect different areas of the same hemosphere
Association fibers
113
Nerves that connect the same area on the opposite hemosphere
commissural fibers
114
Nerves that connect the cerebrum with the brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
projection fibers
115
Neurolemma
outer, nucleated layer of schwann cells forms protective layer
116
A positive feedback mechanism where a signal can end up looping and strengthening itself
Reverberation
117
Superior and inferior colliculi functions
Superior: Processes visual stimuli Inferior: Processes audotory stemuli (visual and auditory startle reflexes)
118
Reticular formation | (reticular activating system)
Interconnected nuclei that extend from the medula, through the pons, and into the midbrain. Controls vital autonomic functions, such as breathing, cardiovascular system, swallowing
119
Where do the sympathetic nerves exit the spinal column?
Between T1 - ~L1-3
120
Where do parasympathetic nerves exit the spinal column?
Cranial nerves (oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus) Sacrum (S2-4)
121
Rods
Phptoreceptor cell that can sense black and white
122
Cones
Photoreceptor cells that can sense color
123
Ora Serrata (boundary between ciliary body and retena)
124
Ciliary Body * Anchors and controlls the shape of the lense * Produces aqueous humor * Produces Vitreous humor
125
Choroid * Vascular connective tissue layer of the eye * Just superficial to the retena
126
127
128
How does an individual eyeball focus?
The cilliary muscle changes the shape of the lens
129
Name the ossicles!
130
Where in the ear detects sound?
Cochlea
131
Where in the ear detects rotational acceleration?
Semicircular canals
132
Where in the ear detects head position and linear acceleration?
The Utricle and Saccule

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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