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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is added to the ground substance of bones to make it stiff?

A

calcium phosphate

(combines with calcium hydroxide to make hydroxyapatite or HA)

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2
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A
  • Stimulates osteoclasts
  • Stimulates kidneys to keep more calcium
  • Stimulates intestines to absorb more calcium
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3
Q

Name the joint: Annular ligament

A

Elbow

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4
Q

Type of motion where a joint “straightens out” and goes a little extra

A

hyperextension

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5
Q

Name the joint: Coracohumeral ligament

A

Shoulder

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6
Q

What does Thyroxine do?

A

With growth hormone, stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix

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7
Q

Where do blood vessels enter the bone?

A

nutrient foramen

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8
Q

Name the ligament: Glenohumeral ligament

A

Shoulder

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9
Q

What percentage (by weight) of bone is calcium phosphate?

A

66%

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10
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

triaxial synovial diarthrosis

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11
Q

How do sex hormones affect bones?

A

Both estrogens and androgens stimulate osteoblast activity and bone matrix syntheses.

Estrogen stimulates the closure of epiphyseal plates earlier than androgens.

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12
Q

Label things

A
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13
Q

Pericardium layers

A

Outer layer of fibrious connective tissue

Inner layer of condrablasts

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14
Q

Name the joint: Interspinous ligament

A

Spine

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15
Q

Type of growth where long bones get longer

A

endochondral growth

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16
Q

What type of movement?

A

dorsiflexion

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17
Q

What type of movement?

A

Opposition

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18
Q

Name the joint: Coracoclavicular ligament

A

shoulder

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19
Q

Red bone marrow

A

makes blood

(in adults mostly in flalt / irregular bones)

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20
Q

like an elongated bursa around a tendon

A

tendon sheath

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21
Q

Name the joint: Tibial collateral ligament

A

Knee

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22
Q

epiphysis

A

head of a bone

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23
Q

Name the joint: Pubofemoral ligament

A

Hip

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24
Q

Name the joint: Supraspinous ligament

A

Spine

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25
Q

How does growth hormone bones?

A

Stimulates osteoblasts to and the synthesis of bone matrix

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26
Q

interstitial growth of cartilage

A

Existing condracytes in lacunae divide and get bigger

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27
Q

What type of motion is this?

A

plantar flexion

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28
Q

Type of motion where the joint moves into the “closed” position

A

Flexion

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29
Q

Type of growth where bones increase in diameter

A

Appositional growth

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30
Q
A

circumferential lamalle

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31
Q

What percentage (by weight) of bone is cells?

A

2%

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32
Q

What type of movement is this?

A

Lateral flexion of the neck

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33
Q

What kind of shoulder motion is a softball pitch?

A

Circumduction

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34
Q

What type of movement?

A

supination

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35
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

fat storage

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36
Q

Which gland releases parathiroid hormone?

A

Parathiroid gland

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37
Q

An amphiarthrosis joined by fibrocartilages

A

symphysis

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38
Q

Where would you find a synchondrosis?

A

pre-fused epiphisyl plate, sternocostal joints

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39
Q

Type of joint with a little movement

A

Amphiarthrosis

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40
Q

Which hormone causes the kidneys to discard less calcium?

A

parathiroid hormone

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41
Q

Large canal down the center of long bones

A

medullary cavity

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42
Q

Which gland releases Thyroxine?

A

Thiroid (follicle cells)

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43
Q

Small, synovial fluid filled pockets reducing friction for tendons or ligaments

A

bursae

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44
Q

Name the joint: Transverse acetabular ligament

A

hip

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45
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Make blood cells
  2. Storage (minerals and lipids - mostly calcium)
  3. Support
  4. Protect soft organs
  5. Leverage for movement
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46
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A
  1. support soft tissue
  2. movement
  3. posture
  4. maintain temperature
  5. entry / exit
47
Q

What does calcitriol do?

A

Promotes calcium and phposphate ion absorption along the digestive tract

48
Q

Rotation away from the midline

A

Lateral rotation

49
Q

Which hormone is released when blood calcium is too high?

A

Calcitonin

50
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

break down bone

51
Q

Types of bones

A
  1. long bones
  2. short bones
  3. flat bones
  4. irregular bones
  5. sesamoid bones
  6. sutural bones
52
Q

Name the joint: Acromioclavicular ligament

A

shoulder

53
Q

Name the joint: Ischiofemoral ligament

A

Hip

54
Q

Type of motion where a joint “straightenes out”

A

extention

55
Q

Rotation towards the midline

A

Medial Rotation

56
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

Main inorganic part of bone tissue

strong but brittle

calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide

57
Q

Where would you find a syndesmosis?

A

Between the distal tibia and fibula

58
Q

diaphysis

A

long part of a bone

59
Q
A

interstitial lamalle

60
Q

Which hormones cause the digestive tract to absorb more calcium?

A

calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

61
Q

Which gland releases calcitriol?

A

Kidneys

62
Q

Where would you find a synostosis?

A

Along the epiphisyl line - fused bones

63
Q

Type of joint with no movement

A

Synarthrosis

64
Q

Which gland releases growth hormone?

A

pituitary gland

65
Q

Which hormone is released when blood calcium is too low?

A

Parathiroid hormone

66
Q

Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone?

A

parathyroid hormone

67
Q

What type of movement is this?

A

Adduction

68
Q

What are the primary functions of synovial fluid?

A
  1. Lubrication
  2. Shock absorption
  3. Nutrient circulation / waste removal for condracytes
69
Q

Name the ligament: Radial collateral ligament

A

Elbow

70
Q

What kind of ligament is found in a gomphosis joint?

A

periodontal

71
Q

Name the joint: Ulnar collateral ligament

A

Elbow

72
Q

What are the specialized cells of bone tissue?

A
  • osteogenic cell
  • osteoblast
  • osteocyte
  • osteoclast
73
Q

Which protein adds flexibility to bone tissue?

A

collagen

74
Q

amphiarthroses connected by ligaments

A

syndesmoses

75
Q

Name the joint: Tendon of supraspinatus muscle

A

Shoulder

76
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A
  • Inhibits osteoclasts
  • Simulates osteoblasts
  • Stimulates the kidneys to discard more calcium
77
Q

cartilage disk dividing synovial cavity into two

A

Articular cartilage

78
Q
A
79
Q

What are the tiny canals that let osteoblasts communicate from their lacunae?

A

lanaliculi

80
Q

What do osteocytes do

A

Detect mechanical stress on the bone and trigger remodeling

81
Q

Where would you find a ball and socket joint

A

shoulder, hip

82
Q

What’s in the middle of an ostson?

A

A Haversian Canal with artery, vein, and nerves,

and lined with endosteum

83
Q

Name the joint: coracoacromial ligament

A

shoulder

84
Q

Which hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?

A

calcitonin

85
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint

A

first carpometacarpal joint (thumb-trapezium)

sternoclavicular joint

86
Q

Name the joint: Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Spine

87
Q

Type of joint between two skull bones

A

suture

88
Q

Which cells are stuck in lacunae?

A

Osteocyte

89
Q

What is the endosteum made of?

A

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

90
Q

Name the joint: Lliofemoral ligament

A

Hip

91
Q

Which cells create bone matrix?

A

Osteoblasts

92
Q

Name the joint: Ligamentum flavum

A

Spine

93
Q
A

perferating canal

94
Q

Where would you find a symphysis joint?

A

Between the two pubic bones (pubic symphysis)

Between the vertebrae (intervertebral disk)

Between manubrium and sternal body

95
Q

Which gland releases calcitonin

A

Thiroid gland (C cells or parafallicular cells)

96
Q

metaphysis

A

Between epiphysis and diaphysis. Contains growth plate. Ossified after childhood.

97
Q

Name the joint: Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Spine

98
Q

Type of joint with free movement

A

Diarthrosis

99
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Secrete unmineralized bone matrix and collagin

Also plays a role in bone mineralization

100
Q

What type of movement is this?

A

abduction

101
Q

What’s the big cell?

A

osteoclast

102
Q

separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis

A

metaphysis

103
Q

What type of movement is smiling?

What type of movement is duckfaced?

A

Smiling = retraction

Duckface = protraction

104
Q

Name the different types of Synarthrosis

A
  1. Suture
  2. Gomphosis
  3. Synchondrosis
  4. Synostosis
105
Q

What type of movement?

A

pronation

106
Q

What type of movement is opening and closing your mouth?

A

Open = depression

Close = Elevation

107
Q

Structural unit of compact bone

A

osteons

108
Q

What kind of joint

A

gomphosis (a kind of synarthrosis)

109
Q

What percentage (by weight) of boen is collagen?

A

32%

110
Q

What are the layers of the periosteum?

A

Outside layer: dense irregular connective tissue

Inside layer: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

(also contains lots of nerve endings and blood vessels)

111
Q

Name the joint: Posterior or Anterior cruciate ligament

A

Knee

112
Q

What is this structure in spongy bone called?

A

trabeculae

113
Q

Which hormone causes the kidneys to discard more calcium?

A

calcitonin

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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