Bones Flashcards
What is added to the ground substance of bones to make it stiff?
calcium phosphate
(combines with calcium hydroxide to make hydroxyapatite or HA)
What does parathyroid hormone do?
- Stimulates osteoclasts
- Stimulates kidneys to keep more calcium
- Stimulates intestines to absorb more calcium
Name the joint: Annular ligament
Elbow
Type of motion where a joint “straightens out” and goes a little extra
hyperextension
Name the joint: Coracohumeral ligament
Shoulder
What does Thyroxine do?
With growth hormone, stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix
Where do blood vessels enter the bone?
nutrient foramen
Name the ligament: Glenohumeral ligament
Shoulder
What percentage (by weight) of bone is calcium phosphate?
66%
What type of joint is the hip?
triaxial synovial diarthrosis
How do sex hormones affect bones?
Both estrogens and androgens stimulate osteoblast activity and bone matrix syntheses.
Estrogen stimulates the closure of epiphyseal plates earlier than androgens.
Label things
Pericardium layers
Outer layer of fibrious connective tissue
Inner layer of condrablasts
Name the joint: Interspinous ligament
Spine
Type of growth where long bones get longer
endochondral growth
What type of movement?
dorsiflexion
What type of movement?
Opposition
Name the joint: Coracoclavicular ligament
shoulder
Red bone marrow
makes blood
(in adults mostly in flalt / irregular bones)
like an elongated bursa around a tendon
tendon sheath
Name the joint: Tibial collateral ligament
Knee
epiphysis
head of a bone
Name the joint: Pubofemoral ligament
Hip
Name the joint: Supraspinous ligament
Spine
How does growth hormone bones?
Stimulates osteoblasts to and the synthesis of bone matrix
interstitial growth of cartilage
Existing condracytes in lacunae divide and get bigger
What type of motion is this?
plantar flexion
Type of motion where the joint moves into the “closed” position
Flexion
Type of growth where bones increase in diameter
Appositional growth
circumferential lamalle
What percentage (by weight) of bone is cells?
2%
What type of movement is this?
Lateral flexion of the neck
What kind of shoulder motion is a softball pitch?
Circumduction
What type of movement?
supination
Yellow bone marrow
fat storage
Which gland releases parathiroid hormone?
Parathiroid gland
An amphiarthrosis joined by fibrocartilages
symphysis
Where would you find a synchondrosis?
pre-fused epiphisyl plate, sternocostal joints
Type of joint with a little movement
Amphiarthrosis
Which hormone causes the kidneys to discard less calcium?
parathiroid hormone
Large canal down the center of long bones
medullary cavity
Which gland releases Thyroxine?
Thiroid (follicle cells)
Small, synovial fluid filled pockets reducing friction for tendons or ligaments
bursae
Name the joint: Transverse acetabular ligament
hip
Functions of the skeletal system
- Make blood cells
- Storage (minerals and lipids - mostly calcium)
- Support
- Protect soft organs
- Leverage for movement
What are the functions of muscles?
- support soft tissue
- movement
- posture
- maintain temperature
- entry / exit
What does calcitriol do?
Promotes calcium and phposphate ion absorption along the digestive tract
Rotation away from the midline
Lateral rotation
Which hormone is released when blood calcium is too high?
Calcitonin
What do osteoclasts do?
break down bone
Types of bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid bones
- sutural bones
Name the joint: Acromioclavicular ligament
shoulder
Name the joint: Ischiofemoral ligament
Hip
Type of motion where a joint “straightenes out”
extention
Rotation towards the midline
Medial Rotation
hydroxyapatite
Main inorganic part of bone tissue
strong but brittle
calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide
Where would you find a syndesmosis?
Between the distal tibia and fibula
diaphysis
long part of a bone
interstitial lamalle
Which hormones cause the digestive tract to absorb more calcium?
calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
Which gland releases calcitriol?
Kidneys
Where would you find a synostosis?
Along the epiphisyl line - fused bones
Type of joint with no movement
Synarthrosis
Which gland releases growth hormone?
pituitary gland
Which hormone is released when blood calcium is too low?
Parathiroid hormone
Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone?
parathyroid hormone
What type of movement is this?
Adduction
What are the primary functions of synovial fluid?
- Lubrication
- Shock absorption
- Nutrient circulation / waste removal for condracytes
Name the ligament: Radial collateral ligament
Elbow
What kind of ligament is found in a gomphosis joint?
periodontal
Name the joint: Ulnar collateral ligament
Elbow
What are the specialized cells of bone tissue?
- osteogenic cell
- osteoblast
- osteocyte
- osteoclast
Which protein adds flexibility to bone tissue?
collagen
amphiarthroses connected by ligaments
syndesmoses
Name the joint: Tendon of supraspinatus muscle
Shoulder
What does calcitonin do?
- Inhibits osteoclasts
- Simulates osteoblasts
- Stimulates the kidneys to discard more calcium
cartilage disk dividing synovial cavity into two
Articular cartilage
What are the tiny canals that let osteoblasts communicate from their lacunae?
lanaliculi
What do osteocytes do
Detect mechanical stress on the bone and trigger remodeling
Where would you find a ball and socket joint
shoulder, hip
What’s in the middle of an ostson?
A Haversian Canal with artery, vein, and nerves,
and lined with endosteum
Name the joint: coracoacromial ligament
shoulder
Which hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?
calcitonin
Give an example of a saddle joint
first carpometacarpal joint (thumb-trapezium)
sternoclavicular joint
Name the joint: Posterior longitudinal ligament
Spine
Type of joint between two skull bones
suture
Which cells are stuck in lacunae?
Osteocyte
What is the endosteum made of?
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Name the joint: Lliofemoral ligament
Hip
Which cells create bone matrix?
Osteoblasts
Name the joint: Ligamentum flavum
Spine
perferating canal
Where would you find a symphysis joint?
Between the two pubic bones (pubic symphysis)
Between the vertebrae (intervertebral disk)
Between manubrium and sternal body
Which gland releases calcitonin
Thiroid gland (C cells or parafallicular cells)
metaphysis
Between epiphysis and diaphysis. Contains growth plate. Ossified after childhood.
Name the joint: Anterior longitudinal ligament
Spine
Type of joint with free movement
Diarthrosis
What do osteoblasts do?
Secrete unmineralized bone matrix and collagin
Also plays a role in bone mineralization
What type of movement is this?
abduction
What’s the big cell?
osteoclast
separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
metaphysis
What type of movement is smiling?
What type of movement is duckfaced?
Smiling = retraction
Duckface = protraction
Name the different types of Synarthrosis
- Suture
- Gomphosis
- Synchondrosis
- Synostosis
What type of movement?
pronation
What type of movement is opening and closing your mouth?
Open = depression
Close = Elevation
Structural unit of compact bone
osteons
What kind of joint
gomphosis (a kind of synarthrosis)
What percentage (by weight) of boen is collagen?
32%
What are the layers of the periosteum?
Outside layer: dense irregular connective tissue
Inside layer: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
(also contains lots of nerve endings and blood vessels)
Name the joint: Posterior or Anterior cruciate ligament
Knee
What is this structure in spongy bone called?
trabeculae
Which hormone causes the kidneys to discard more calcium?
calcitonin
