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Dentistry Module 1 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of a mixed nerve?

A

A mixed nerve is a nerve that can carry two or more functional types of nerve fibre to any given region of the body or structure. An example of a mixed nerve is the intercostal nerve, phrenic nerve or the vagus nerve.

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2
Q

The nervous system has anatomical subdivisions what are they?

A

The anatomical subdivisions of the of the nervous system are

Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

The facial nerve is present in which cranial fossa and which foramina does it go through?

A

Cranial nerve VII known as the facial nerve is found in the posterior cranial fossa and it passes through the internal acoustic meatus

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4
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN12

A
  1. CN XII – the hypoglossal nerve - innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
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5
Q

in the spinal cord, is the positioning of the matter the same or different to the brain?

A

The positioning is apposite to what it is in the brain, white matter is superficial and grey matter is deep.

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6
Q

what do the spinal nerves connect to and how many pairs are there?

A

The spinal nerves connect with the spinal cord and there are 31 pairs.

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7
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN8

A
  1. CN VIII – the vestibulocochlear nerve: The vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for both hearing and balance and brings information from the inner ear to the brain. A human’s sense of equilibrium is determined by this nerve. Two special organs help the nerve function properly: the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus
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8
Q

what is another name for an axon and what is its function?

A

An axon also known as a nerve fibre sends action potential signal down its body.

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9
Q

Annotate the neurone

A
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10
Q

The trochlear nerve is present in which cranial fossa and which foramina does it go through?

A

Cranial nerve IV known as the trochlear nerve is found in the middle cranial fossa and it passes through the superior orbital fissure.

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11
Q

The nervous system is subdivided on the basis of function what are these two subdivisions?

A
  1. The somatic nervous system – which detects the external environment
  2. The autonomic nervous system – which detects the internal environment
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12
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN2

A
  1. CN II – the optic nerve: The job of the optic nerve is to transfer visual information from the retina to the vision centres of the brain via electrical impulses. The optic nerve is located at the back of the eye.
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13
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN4

A
  1. CN IV – the trochlear nerve: The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve, and it controls the superior oblique muscle of the eye
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14
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve is present in which cranial fossa and which foramina does it go through?

A

Cranial nerve VIII known as the vestibulocochlear nerve is found in the posterior cranial fossa and it passes through the internal acoustic meatus

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15
Q

Which fossa is the olfactory nerve present in and which foramina does it go through?

A

The olfactory nerve known as cranial nerve I and is located in the anterior cranial fossa and the name of the foramina is the cribriform plate.

The olfactory nerve (CN I) has a close anatomical relationship with the ethmoid bone. Its numerous nerve fibres pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to innervate the nasal cavity with the sense of smell.

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16
Q

Dendrites shape and structure, allows it to carry out its functions, what are those functions?

A

Increase surface area

Communicate with adjacent neuron

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17
Q

the cranial nerves IX, X, XI are none as the glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory nerve are found in the same region and all pass through the same foramina. What is the name of the fossa and the foramina they reside in?

A

cranial nerves IX, X and XI reside in the posterior fossa and pass through the jugular foramen

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18
Q

What is a nucleus and where is it found.

A

The nucleus in reference to the nervous system is a collection of nerve cell bodies located in the central nervous system.

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19
Q

Annotate the cranial nerves and sections of the spinal cord

A
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20
Q

what is a ganglion and where are they found?

A

A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies and only found in the peripheral nervous system.

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21
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN6

A
  1. CN VI – the abdjucent nerve: is a nerve that controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle in humans, responsible for outward gaze
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22
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Our nervous system allows us to sense our environment and to affect an appropriate response.

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23
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN7

A
  1. CN VII – the facial nerve: The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
24
Q

The hypoglossal nerve is present in which cranial fossa and which foramina does it go through?

A

Cranial nerve XII known as the hypoglossal nerve is found in the posterior cranial fossa and passes through the hypoglossal canal.

25
Q

the spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves which connect bilaterally what are they?

A
  • 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves C1-C8
  • 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves T1-T12
  • 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves L1-L5
  • 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves S1-S5
  • 1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves Co
26
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A synapse is a space between a dendrite and its neighbouring dendrite. The nerve cells communicate with each other through neurotransmitters

27
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN1

A
  1. CN I – the olfactory nerve: It relays sensory data to the brain and is responsible for the sense of smell. The nerve’s olfactory receptors are located within the mucosa of the nasal cavity.
28
Q

Annotate the spinal nerve.

A
29
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN9

A
  1. CN IX – the glossopharyngeal nerve: There are a number of functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve: It receives general somatic sensory fibres from the tonsils, the pharynx, the middle ear and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
30
Q

An axial section of the brain would show grey and white matter, describe each matter in reference to their position and their colour composition.

A

Grey matter is located as the most outermost layer of the cerebral cortex its colour composition is a result of the concentration of cell bodies present.

White matter is located in the brain and is deep to the grey matter. White matter contains many axons which are myelinated; myelin gives the whiter appearance.

31
Q

Why is there a cauda equina?

A

The spinal cord ends at L1/L2: lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral foraminae the spinal roots are also referred to as horse’s tail

32
Q

What are axons shielded by and what is its function?

A

Axons are shielded by the myelin sheath and its serves as an insulating sheath, allowing speedy potential of the action potential.

33
Q

Name the 3 fossa in the cranial cavity.

A

Anterior cranial fossa

Middle cranial fossa

Posterior cranial fossa

34
Q

Summarise the autonomic nervous system

A

The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary system we cannot consciously control them. The autonomic nervous system senses and responds to the internal environments.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

35
Q

How many lobes does each cerebral hemisphere have and what are the names?

A

Each cerebral hemisphere has 4 lobes

They are named according to cranial bone they lie deep to, frontal. Parietal, temporal and occipital.

36
Q

The abducent nerve is present in which cranial fossa and which foramina does it go through?

A

Cranial nerve VI known as the abducent nerve is found in the middle cranial fossa and it passes through the superior orbital fissure.

37
Q

Learn the cranial foramina

A
38
Q

Somatic motor neurones respond how?

A

In response to a stimulus detected by the somatic sensory neurones, the somatic motor neurones would allow voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles which allow appropriate movement of the skeleton appropriately.

somatic sensory and somatic motor nerve fibres (axons) travel in all spinal nerves and their branches (rami) to and from body wall

39
Q

Which fossa does the optic nerve reside in and which foramina does it go through?

A

The optic nerve known as cranial nerve II resides in the middle cranial fossa and passes through the optic canal found in the sphenoid cranial bone

40
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN10

A
  1. CN X – the vagus nerve - interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract
41
Q

Summary of the somatic nervous system: somatic sensory neurones sense?

A
  1. Touch
  2. Pain
  3. Temperature
  4. Joint position
42
Q

the trigeminal nerve is present in which cranial fossa and which foramina does it go through?

A

Cranial nerve V known as the trigeminal nerve is found in the middle cranial fossa and it passes through the superior orbital fissure.

43
Q

Which foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

A

Foramen magnum

44
Q

An axon can only conduct action potentials once it has been stimulated there are 6 sensory functions what are they and give an example for each one.

A
  1. Somatic sensory function – tells the spinal cord/brain about a pain somewhere on the body wall e.g. your finger tips when it has been pricked.
  2. Somatic motor function – tells a skeletal muscle to contract e.g. contracting your biceps
  3. special sensory function – tells the brain about a special sensation such as sight, smell, taste, sound, balance.
  4. Visceral afferent function – tells the spinal cord/brain about a pain from an organ such as a heart attack.
  5. Sympathetic function – tells cardiac or smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete
  6. Parasympathetic function - tells cardiac or smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete
45
Q

Somatic neurones supply the soma, what is the soma?

A

Soma = body wall

46
Q

The spinal cord has two enlargements, the cervical enlargement and the lumbosacral enlargement. Why are these enlargements present?

A

The cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord result from enlargement of the gray matter that contains the neural machinery necessary to operate the limbs

The cervical enlargement extends from C5 to T1

The lumbosacral enlargement extends from L1 to L2 (this is also where the spinal cord ends)

47
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN5

A
  1. CN V – the trigeminal nerve: Its motor function activates the muscles of mastication
48
Q

Annotate the cerebral lobes and give at least function of each lobe.

A
49
Q

The oculomotor nerve is present in which cranial fossa and which foramina does it go through?

A

Cranial nerve III known as the oculomotor neve is present in the middle cranial fossa and it passes through the superior orbital fissure.

50
Q

The cerebrum is made of many layers, what is the name of the outermost layer and what does it consist of?

A

The outermost layer is referred to as the cerebral neocortex and it consists of gyri and sulci

Gyrus – dip at the brain

Sulcus – dip in the brain

51
Q

What is the dermatome map?

A

The dermatome map is map where it indicates all the segments the body wall has been divided in to and how each segment is supplied by a single pair of nerve.

The only segment in the body where it is supplied by both anterior and posterior rami is the male nipple and umbilicus

52
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN3

A
  1. CN III – the oculomotor nerve: This nerve is responsible for eyeball and eyelid movement. It follows the olfactory and optic nerves in terms of order.
53
Q

The central nervous system consists of what?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

54
Q

the peripheral nervous system consists of what?

A

All other nerve tissue not within the CNS

55
Q

There are 12 cranial nerves name each one and give a function of the nerve. CN11

A
  1. CN XI – the spinal accessory nerve - The accessory nerve is a spinal nerve that supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Dentistry Module 1 (9 decks)

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