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Dentistry Module 1 > Gastrointestinal and Renal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal and Renal Flashcards

1
Q

what protects the kidneys

A
  1. being in the retroperitoneum
  2. protected by the transverse process in the vertal column
  3. ribs 11 and 12
  4. skeletal muscles- muscles of the back, muscles of the antero-lateral abdominal wall and the muscles of the psterior abominal wall
  5. renal (deep) fascia
  6. paranephric and perinephric fat
  7. renal capsule
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2
Q

what organs does the inferior mesenteric vein drain

A

1/3 of the transverse colon

1/3 of the large intestine - decending colon

rectum

anus

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3
Q

does the parotid gland secrete from the gland?

A

no!

the parotid duct crosses the face and secretes into the mouth by the upper 2nd molar.

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4
Q

annotate the muscle and fat that protect the kidney

A
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5
Q

what is the function of the Oesophagus

A

the function of the oesophagus

transit from pharyx to stomach

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6
Q

the pelvis contains what two parts that are part of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

the pelvis contains the

rectum

anal canal

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7
Q

HOMOSTASIS is the maintenance of the body’s internal enviroment.

name 5 functions of homostasis

A

Functions:

  • Blood pH and pressure control
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Removal of waste products & drugs
  • Stimulates red blood cell production
  • Required for absorption of calcium
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8
Q

what are the 5 functions of the saliva

A
  1. saliva is solute which aloows tasting to occur
  2. helps aid swallowing & speech and keeping the mucosa moist by the aid of a lubricant called mucin
  3. it is a buffer for plaque acids
  4. also contains microbial elements
  5. amylase to begin carbohydrate digestion
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9
Q

the biliary system is a combination of multiple organs, which organs are responsible for the biliary system

A

Biliary system involves:

  • Liver (largest abdominal organ)
  • Gallbladder
  • Biliary tree
  • Duodenum

Production and Transportation of Bile

Important for digestion of lipids

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10
Q

the hepatic protal vain is formed by a union of vains, what are the names of those veins

A

splenic vein - drains foregut

iferior mesenteric vein - drains hindgut via splenic vein

superior mesenteric vein - drains midgut

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11
Q

three midline brances of the aorta supply blood to the abdominal organs

what midline branch supplies the

foregut

midgut

hindgut

A

coeliac trunk - foregut

superior mesenteric artery - midgut

inferior mesenteric artery

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12
Q

the urinary tract has four major structures what are they?

A

Urinary tract has four major structures:

  • Kidneys (x2)
  • Ureter (x2)
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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13
Q

the splenic vein drains which organs

A

spleen

stomach

pancreas

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14
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine and anus

A

the functions of the large intestine and anus is

transit

reabsorption of H2O and electrolytes

stool formation

waste excretion (anus)

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15
Q

what are the 4 functions of the oral cavity

A

Oral Cavity:

  • Sensing
  • Salivation
  • mastication
  • Initiating swallowing
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16
Q

the main pancreatic duct combines with what other duct

A

the common bile duct

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17
Q

facial muscle lie between

A

superficial fascia and fascial skeleton

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18
Q

what are the name of the 4 muscles that allow mastication

A

the 4 muscles are

temporalis (close)

masseter (close)

medail pterygoid (close)

lateral pterygoid (open)

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19
Q

where is the pharynx located

A

the pharynx is located in both head and neck region of the gi tract

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

annotate the lower urinary tract (male)

A
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22
Q

the abdomen contains what 3 parts that are part of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

the abdomen contains the

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

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23
Q

where is the laryngopharynx located

A

the laryngopharynx is located posterior to the larynx and between the epiglottis and oesophagus.

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24
Q

annotate the internal structure of the kidney

A
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25
Q

annotate the organs of the abdominal cavity

A
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26
Q

where does the left gonadal vein drain in to

A

left renal vein

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27
Q

what are the 6 components of the gastrointestinal tract

A

head

neck

chest

abdomen

pelvis

perineum

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28
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract

A

The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous ‘tube’ commencing at the oral cavity and ending at the

It’s the route in which we normally:

  1. Introduce food (and liquids) in the body
  2. Digest and absorb nutrients (and toxins)
  3. Excrete residual waste out of the body
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29
Q

what are the 3 functions of the pharynx

A

the 3 functions are

defence against infection (tonsils)

swallowing

airway protection

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30
Q

does the submandibular gland secrete from the gland?

A

no!

the submandibular duct enters floor of the mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle

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31
Q

what are the name of the 3 bilateral branches of the aorta

A

adrenal arteries

renal arteries

gonadal arteries

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32
Q

the perineum contains what part of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

the perineum contains the

anus

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33
Q

annotate the pharynx

A
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34
Q

in which order does urine drain from the kidney

A
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35
Q

the neck contains what two parts that are part of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

the neck contains the

pharynx

oesophagus

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36
Q

the foregut contains which organs

A

Foregut

stomach

  • Oesophagus to mid-duodenum
  • Liver + gall bladder
  • Spleen
  • ½ of pancreas
37
Q

the pancreas has to functions what are they and give examples

A
  • Endocrine (Releases hormones into blood) such as insulin
  • Exocrine (Releases digestive enzymes into small intestine) such as digestive juices in to the duodenum
38
Q

name both sphincters of the stomach

A

oesophagus sphincter

pyloric sphincter

39
Q

Annotate the GI tract

40
Q

the head cavity contains what two parts that are part of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

the head contains the

oral cavity

pharynx

41
Q

annotate the oral cavity

42
Q

what does the internal urethral sphincter prevent

A

prevents ejaculatory reflux

43
Q

describes the pancreas position

A
  • Accessory organ of the GI tract
  • Sits in the curvature of the duodenum
  • Tail head towards the spleen
44
Q

what are the functions of the extrincic muscles

A

there are four pairs and they attach the tongue to the bony skeleton

45
Q

annotate the venous drainage system of the abdominal organs

46
Q

what is the mesentery

A

a fold of the peritoneum which attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen

47
Q

the kidenys are located posterior to the abdominal organs.

where are they located?

A

retroperitoneum

48
Q

how many parts does the pharynx have and what are the names

A

the pharynx has 3 parts

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

49
Q

annotate the abdominal cavity

50
Q

what is the name of the joint where movement of opening and closing of the jaw occurs

A

the name of the joint is

temporomandibular joint (tmj)

51
Q

the midgut contains which organs

A

Midgut

  • Mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of Transverse colon
  • ½ of pancreas
52
Q

what organs does the superior mesenteric vein drain

A

large intestine 2/3

small intestine

53
Q

the renal hilum contains?

A

renal artery

renal vein

renal pelvis

54
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

The spleen plays multiple supporting roles in the body.

It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored and produced there.

55
Q

where is the oropharynx located

A

the oropharynx is located posterior to the oral cavity between soft palate and epiglottis

56
Q

where are most accesory organs of the gi tract located

A

the majority of the accesory organs of the gi tract are located in the abdomen.

57
Q

the ureters recieve multiple arterial branches along its length. what are the name of these branches

A

renal arteries

gonadal arteries

aorta

58
Q

pulmonary aspiration occurs when?

A

the oropharynx and the osopharynx both share the same pathway

this results in a risk of aspirating material in to the respiratory tract

59
Q

name the arteries that supply the adrenal gland

A

superior suprarenal artery - branching from the inferior phrenic artery

middle suprarenal artery - branching from the abdominal aorta

inferior suprarenal artery - branching from the

60
Q

the venous system is broken down to

  1. PORTAL venous system
  2. SYSTEMIC venous system

what are the functions of these venous system

A

1.PORTAL venous system

  • Drains from absorptive parts of GI tract and associated organs to the liver via hepatic portal vein
  • This blood de-oxygenated and nutrient-rich
  1. SYSTEMIC venous system
  • Drains de-oxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart.
  • Include blood from the liver via hepatic veins
61
Q

the abdominal organs are seperated in 3 different “guts” what are they?

A

foregut

midgut

hindgut

62
Q

annotate the surface anatomy

63
Q

the small intestine is broken down to three parts

name all 3 parts from proximal to distall

A

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

64
Q

does the sublingual gland secrete from the gland?

A

yes!

the sublingual gland lays in floor of mouth and secretes via several ducts superiorly

65
Q

the hindgut houses what organs

A

Hindgut

•Distal 1/3rd of Transverse colon to Proximal ½ of Anal canal

66
Q

another word for urination is

A

micturition

67
Q

Name the veins that both (left and right) adrenal veins drain into…

A

left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein

right suprarenal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava

68
Q

where is the nasopharynx located

A

the nasopharynx is located posterrior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft plate.

69
Q

the rectum and anus is th end of the large intestine.

whatis the function of the rectum

what is the function of the anus

is the muscular wall of the rectum and anal canal smooth or skeletal

the sphicter forming the anus is it skeletal or smooth

A

function of the rectum - stool formation

function of the anus - waste excretion

muscular wall of the rectum and anal canal - smooth muscle

sphinctor - skeletal (voluntary)

70
Q

what are the 3 functions of the large intestine

A

Function;

  • Transit
  • Reabsorption of H2O & electrolytes
  • Stool formation
71
Q

what is the purpose of the hepatic portal system

A

The portal venous system is responsible for directing nutrient rich blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

Substances absorbed in the small intestine travel first to the liver for processing before continuing to the heart.

72
Q

what is the function of the detrusor muscle

A

the detrusor is a smooth muscle which contracts during micturition

73
Q

what are the names of the 3 major glands that release saliva and where are they located

A

the 3 glands are bilateral

parotid (near ear)

submandibular (under mandible)

sublingual (under tongue)

74
Q

What is the orbicularis oris and what does it prevent?

A

the orbicularis is a circular muscle surrounding the mouth

lays within the lips

prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing

75
Q

the oesophagus decends inferiorly from where

A

the oesophagus starts in the neck and decends inferiorly towards the chest.

76
Q

how is mastication conducted and what does it facilitates

A

the process of mastication occurs due to the combined movement of the jaw and tongue

mastication helps facilitate taste and digestion by mixing food with saliva.

77
Q

annotate oral cavity during mastication

78
Q

what are the functions of the stomach and small intestine

A

functions of the stomach and small intestines are

transit

defence against infection

digest and absorbtion

accesory organs also help aid in digestion and absorbtion

79
Q

what is the function of the intrinsic muscle on the tongue

A

changes shape of the tongue

80
Q

annotate the structure of the nephron

81
Q

annotate the large intestine

82
Q

annotate the surface of the tongue

83
Q

the chest contains what part of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

the chest contains the

oesophagus

84
Q

annotate the lower urinanry tract female

85
Q

how many segmental branches arise from each renal artery and what does these artery supply

A

5 segmental branches

supply the nephrons

86
Q

is the anus found in the pelvis or the perineum

A

the anus is located in the perineum

87
Q

annotate the biliary system

88
Q

what is the oesophagus and its function

A

the oesophagus is a mucular tube

there is a gradula transition of skeletal muscle proximally to smooth muscle

its function is to transit food and liquids from the pharynx to stomach.

89
Q

what are the two main muscles for facial expression?

A

1.) Buccinator - aligns food with teeth
2.) Orbicularis Oris - Circular muscle surrounding the mouth, preventing dribbling

Dentistry Module 1 (9 decks)

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