locomotion Flashcards
What is the purpose of the musculoskeletal system and what is it comprised of?
Allows movement and interaction with our environment
It comprises of bones, joints and muscles.
What are the functions of the following bones, joints and muscles?
Bones: structural support, calcium store, haematopoiesis and protection
Joints: facilitate movement, allow growth and stability
Muscles: generate movement and generate heat
Annotate the structure of a bone.
Top arrow: outer cortex which is dense, strong and heavy compact (cortical).
Middle arrow: inner medulla which is more porous making it weaker but lighter. A spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone.
The middle arrow: bone marrow, in some bones the marrow is the site of red & white blood cell production.
Annotate the structure of a bone 2
A fibrous connective tissue sleeve covers the bone, what is the name of this connective tissue and how does it support the bone?
Periosteum - It is a fibrous connective tissue that is well vascularised which mainly supplies the compact bone. It is also well innervated which results in extreme pain during tearing of the periosteum as occurs during a fracture.
How does the bone receive its nutrients?
The bone gets its supply of nutrients directly from the nutrient artery and vein, which carry blood to the medullary cavity supplying the bone marrow, spongy bone and deep compact bone.
Annotate the bone during growth.
The development of the bone is known as?
Endochondral Ossification - Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue
Describe the process of endochondral?
The development of bone begins by the initial small hyaline cartilage version, overtime the hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)
When the growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies, bone growth ceases – we have attained our final height.
Annotate the classification of bone.
The part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the skull, spine, sternum and ribs is known as the what skeleton?
Axial skeleton
The part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs is the what skeleton?
Appendicular skeleton
What happens to the vertebral column once the weight has transferred to hip bones?
The vertebral column along with the vertebrae become larger from superior to inferior to bear the weight however, as the weight has transferred to the hip, the vertebral column and the vertebrae become smaller again.
What are the primary and secondary curvatures?
What forms the intervertebral foramina?
An intervertebral foramina is formed when two adjacent vertebrae are connected by their articular facet joint.
The spinal cord runs through vertebral canal and persists until approximately which vertebrae?
Persists approximately until L2 (Adult)
At each level of the vertebrae, a pair of spinal nerves arise from the cord and exit via what?
At each level of the vertebrae, a pair of spinal nerves arise from the cord and exit via what?
what allows the passage of vertebral arteries to the head?
All vertebrae’s have a foramen in each transverse process this allows the vertebral arteries to make its way to the skull.
Which vertebrae does not have a body or spinous process but has a posterior arch and an anterior arch?
C1 Atlas vertebrae
The odontoid process allows what to happen?
The odontoid process is a projection from the second cervical vertebra known as the axis, this projection allows the atlas vertebrae to pivot.
How is C7 vertebrae different from other vertebrae?
C7 is also known as vertebrae promins, the term promins means that it has a long spinous process. That is its distinguished feature compared to other vertebrae. The vertebrae promins can be palpable in 70% of people.
What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?
2 scapulae and 2 clavicles
What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones and the sacrum
Annotate the skeleton
Bones of the facial skeleton is referred to as the?
Viscerocranium
Bones of the cranial vault is referred to as the?
Neurocranium
How is the neurocranium and Viscerocranium separated?
If a line was to be drawn, the line would extend from the superior to the orbits to the inferior to the ears
What are the 3 types of muscles in the body?
Cardiac – involuntary
Smooth muscle – involuntary
Skeletal muscles – voluntary
Annotate skeletal muscle
Why do skeletal muscles look striated?
Due to overlapping actin and myosin
How many grades are there when an injury occurs to a muscle?
There are 3 grades
Strained – grade 1
Torn – grade 2
Rupture – grade 3
Annotate the skeletal muscle types?
which type of tendon is a flattened tendon and is mostly associated with flat muscles?
An aponeurosis
Do tendons attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone?
Muscle to bone
tendons usually have at least 2 points of attachment to bone what are the name of the attachments?
Origins – on one side of the joint, which the most proximal
Insertions – on the other side which is most distal
how are muscles of facial expression attached?
Muscles for facial expression attach from bone to skin and soft tissue
Where is the location of skeletal muscle found?
Skeletal muscle is usually found deep to deep fascia and is a tough fibrous connective tissue and is noticeable to its colour which is a shiny silver/grey colour.
What is an intermuscular septum?
An intermuscular septum is what separates different muscles in to different compartments.
Muscles that perform the protective reflexes are what type of muscles?
Skeletal
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
There is a general compromise when it comes to joints, what is that compromise?
Increased mobility = decrease stability
Decreased mobility = increased stability
There are 3 types of fibrous joints they are generally limited mobility and quite stable. What is the name of these 3 fibrous joints and give an example of where you would find them?
- Syndesmoses – is a fibrous membrane, you would find this joint between fibula and tibia
- Sutures – highly stable and found between bones of skull
- Gomphosis 0 very little movement and found in periodontal ligament
There are two types of cartilaginous joints, what are they and give example as to where you would find them.
- Primary cartilaginous – found in long bone, allows ossification and fusion
- Secondary cartilaginous – strong, slightly moveable example is intervertebral discs.
Synovial joints – learn the type of joints
What are the typical features of synovial joints?
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone
Stand alone or thicken areas of the capsule
Synovial fluid
Produced by synovial membrane
Reduces friction
Shock absorber
Articular disc or Meniscus
Fibrocartilage
Joint support
Shock absorber
Annotate the typical features of synovial joints
- two or more bones articulating with each other
- Articular surfaces are covered in hyaline
- Capsule wraps the joint
- Joint cavity
- Ligament
- Skeletal muscle along with tendon
- Bursae
