Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Organs of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Main functions of the nervous system

A

collect, process, evaluate and respond to information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensory vs. motor nervous system

A

sensory: input, PNS (receptors) to CNS,
motor: output, CNS to PNS (muscles or glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Somatic vs. visceral sensory systems

A

somatic: voluntary; senses from skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal muscle; sense touch, temperature, pain, proprioception, pressure, vibration, special senses
visceral: involuntary; senses from blood vessels and organs; sense temperature and stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Somatic vs. autonomic motor systems

A

somatic: voluntary; innervates skeletal muscle; motor fibers are one cell
autonomic: involuntary; innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands; two divisions-sympathetic and parasympathetic; motor fibers are two cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Three characteristics of all neurons

A

extreme longevity, nonmitotic, high metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nissl bodies

A

granular bodies in neurons made of rough ER and free ribosomes for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Five common features of neurons

A

soma/cell body, dendrites, axon hillock, axon, terminal boutons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most sensory neurons are this structural “polarity”

A

[pseudo]unipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Most uncommon neuron “polarity”, found in olfactory epithelium and the retina

A

bipolar - one axon and one dendrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons going to or “arriving” at CNS, mostly unipolar with cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Efferent neurons

A

motor neurons going away from CNS to muscles/glands; all multipolar with cell bodies mostly in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

99% of all neurons

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glioma

A

tumor of glial cells that have lost their ability to control cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Astrocytes

A

in CNS
most abundant glial cells that support neurons by filtering nutrients and waste from capillaries
form blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ependymal cells

A

in CNS
epithelial cells with no BM
line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
have cilia to circulate CSF and microvilli to help produce CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Microglial cells

A

in CNS

normally small, but become phagocytic when activated to defend against foreign invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

in CNS
myelinate axons
each can wrap around multiple axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neurolemmocytes/Schwann cells

A

in PNS

myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Satellite cells

A

in PNS

flat cells around sensory cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia to protect, provide structure, regulate nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Purpose of myelin

A

high lipid content insulates axon allowing action potential to conduct faster (AP doesn’t have to travel along entire membrane but jumps from gap in sheath to next gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheat

A

Nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Three CT wrappings of nerves

A

endoneurium: around single axon/nerve fiber
perineurium: around bundle of axons/fascicles
epineurium: around bundle of fascicles and blood vessels/nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gray matter

A

collection of nerve cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells and unmyelinated axons (mainly cell bodies and interneurons)
called ganglia in PNS and nuclei in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
White matter
collection of myelinated axons | called nerve in PNS and tract in CNS
26
Three types of synapses
axodendritic: axon terminal bouton to dendrite (most common) axosomatic: axon terminal bouton to cell body of neuron axoaxonic: axon terminal bouton to terminal bouton of another axon (least common)
27
Results of sympathetic nervous system activation
``` "fight or flight" pupils dilate heart rate, blood pressure increase blood to skeletal muscle thoracic/lumbar ```
28
Results of parasympathetic nervous system activation
``` "rest and digest" pupils constrict heart rate and blood pressure decrease blood to digestive organs cranial/sacral ```
29
Three locations of sympathetic ganglia
paravertebral chain: short pre- and long postganglionic fibers cervical collateral/prevertebral
30
Main parasympathetic nerves
cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic ganglia) pelvic splanchnic nerves
31
Synapses in paravertebral chain of ganglia lead here
spinal nerves to skin: sweat glands, blood vessels, and erector pili
32
Synapses in cervical ganglia lead to here
head, heart, and lungs
33
Nerves that lead to collateral ganglia
splanchnic nerves (preganglionic fibers)
34
Synapses in collateral ganglia lead to here
abdominal pelvic organs | reproductive organs-greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves and sacral splanchnic nerves
35
Which vertebrae spinal nerves C1-C7 are named after
the vertebra directly below them
36
Which vertebra spinal nerve C8 is above
T1
37
Which vertebrae spinal nerves T1-Co1 (all but C1-C8) are named after
the vertebra directly above them
38
The dorsal ramus innervates these muscles
deep back and intrinsic back muscles | skin of back
39
Rami communicantes come off these rami
ventral rami
40
Spinal nerves that have white rami
T1-L2
41
Levels of spinal cord with a lateral horn in addition to the ventral and dorsal horns
T1-L2
42
Spinal cord extends from where to where
brain to about L2
43
The tapering end of the spinal cord
conus medullaris
44
Axons projecting inferiorly from end of spinal cord
cauda equina
45
Anchors conus medullar is to coccyx
filum terminale
46
What filum terminale is made from
pia mater
47
Largest part of spinal cord
cervical part
48
Part of spinal cord with most white matter to gray matter ratio
cervical part
49
Part of spinal cord with most gray matter to white matter ratio
sacral part
50
Second largest part of spinal cord
lumbar part (heavier in gray matter than cervical)
51
Number of pairs of spinal nerves
31 | C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, Co1
52
Order of spinal meninges and spaces
vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater
53
Space around spinal cord filled with CSF
subarachnoid space (spinal tap goes here)
54
The grooves on either side of exterior spinal cord
dorsal median sulcus and ventral median fissure
55
Central canal of spinal cord
continuous with brain ventricles and fill with CSF
56
Dorsal root ganglia
cell bodies of sensory neurons (pseudo unipolar) and satellite cells
57
Ventral horns
cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that carry efferent info and innervate skeletal muscle
58
Dorsal horns
axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons that carry afferent info (cell bodies of sensory neurons are in dorsal root ganglia)
59
Lateral horns
(only in T1-L2) | cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
60
Gray commissure
unmyelinated axons that surround central canal and connects left and right side of gray matter (horns) in spinal cord
61
How white matter is organized
posterior, anterior and lateral funiculi each with ascending and descending tracts and commissural tracts connecting left to right
62
Levels of spinal cord with nerve cell bodies for parasympathetic nerves
S2-S4
63
Levels of spinal cord with neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic coming out
L3-S1
64
Cervical plexus
C1-C4 | phrenic nerve
65
Brachial plexus
C5-T1 | innervates shoulder and arm
66
Lumbar Plexus
L1-L4 innervates anterior and medial thigh ventral rami split into anterior and posterior rami
67
The ramus that branches into plexi
ventral ramus
68
The spinal nerves that don't form plexi and nerves they serve
T2-T12 | thoracic spinal nerves (intercostals, subcostal)
69
Nerve lateral to psoas major muscle that passes under inguinal ligament
femoral nerve
70
Nerve medial to psoas major muscle
obturator nerve
71
Femoral triangle borders
adductor longus, inguinal ligament, sartorius
72
Sacral plexus
L4-S4 innervates gluteal region, posterior thigh, and leg sciatic nerve (tibial and common fibular), pudendal nerve, superior and inferior gluteal nerves
73
Sciatic nerve
largest nerve of body, contains tibial and common fibular nerve
74
Branches of brachial plexus
5 ventral rami, 3 trunks (superior, middle, inferior), 6 divisions (3 anterior and 3 posterior), 3 cords (lateral, medial and posterior), 5 branches
75
Names of the five branches of brachial plexus
posterior: axillary and radial anterior: ulnar, median, musculocutaneous

Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions