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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Main functions of the nervous system

A

collect, process, evaluate and respond to information

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3
Q

Sensory vs. motor nervous system

A

sensory: input, PNS (receptors) to CNS,
motor: output, CNS to PNS (muscles or glands)

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4
Q

Somatic vs. visceral sensory systems

A

somatic: voluntary; senses from skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal muscle; sense touch, temperature, pain, proprioception, pressure, vibration, special senses
visceral: involuntary; senses from blood vessels and organs; sense temperature and stretch

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5
Q

Somatic vs. autonomic motor systems

A

somatic: voluntary; innervates skeletal muscle; motor fibers are one cell
autonomic: involuntary; innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands; two divisions-sympathetic and parasympathetic; motor fibers are two cells

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6
Q

Three characteristics of all neurons

A

extreme longevity, nonmitotic, high metabolic rate

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7
Q

Nissl bodies

A

granular bodies in neurons made of rough ER and free ribosomes for protein synthesis

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8
Q

Five common features of neurons

A

soma/cell body, dendrites, axon hillock, axon, terminal boutons

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9
Q

Most sensory neurons are this structural “polarity”

A

[pseudo]unipolar

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10
Q

Most uncommon neuron “polarity”, found in olfactory epithelium and the retina

A

bipolar - one axon and one dendrite

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11
Q

Afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons going to or “arriving” at CNS, mostly unipolar with cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

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12
Q

Efferent neurons

A

motor neurons going away from CNS to muscles/glands; all multipolar with cell bodies mostly in spinal cord

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13
Q

99% of all neurons

A

interneurons

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14
Q

Glioma

A

tumor of glial cells that have lost their ability to control cell division

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15
Q

Astrocytes

A

in CNS
most abundant glial cells that support neurons by filtering nutrients and waste from capillaries
form blood-brain barrier

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16
Q

Ependymal cells

A

in CNS
epithelial cells with no BM
line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
have cilia to circulate CSF and microvilli to help produce CSF

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17
Q

Microglial cells

A

in CNS

normally small, but become phagocytic when activated to defend against foreign invaders

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18
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

in CNS
myelinate axons
each can wrap around multiple axons

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19
Q

Neurolemmocytes/Schwann cells

A

in PNS

myelinated axons

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20
Q

Satellite cells

A

in PNS

flat cells around sensory cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia to protect, provide structure, regulate nutrients

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21
Q

Purpose of myelin

A

high lipid content insulates axon allowing action potential to conduct faster (AP doesn’t have to travel along entire membrane but jumps from gap in sheath to next gap

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22
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheat

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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23
Q

Three CT wrappings of nerves

A

endoneurium: around single axon/nerve fiber
perineurium: around bundle of axons/fascicles
epineurium: around bundle of fascicles and blood vessels/nerve

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24
Q

Gray matter

A

collection of nerve cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells and unmyelinated axons (mainly cell bodies and interneurons)
called ganglia in PNS and nuclei in CNS

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25
Q

White matter

A

collection of myelinated axons

called nerve in PNS and tract in CNS

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26
Q

Three types of synapses

A

axodendritic: axon terminal bouton to dendrite (most common)
axosomatic: axon terminal bouton to cell body of neuron
axoaxonic: axon terminal bouton to terminal bouton of another axon (least common)

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27
Q

Results of sympathetic nervous system activation

A 
"fight or flight"
pupils dilate
heart rate, blood pressure increase
blood to skeletal muscle
thoracic/lumbar
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28
Q

Results of parasympathetic nervous system activation

A 
"rest and digest"
pupils constrict
heart rate and blood pressure decrease
blood to digestive organs
cranial/sacral
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29
Q

Three locations of sympathetic ganglia

A

paravertebral chain: short pre- and long postganglionic fibers
cervical
collateral/prevertebral

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30
Q

Main parasympathetic nerves

A

cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X
(ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic ganglia)
pelvic splanchnic nerves

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31
Q

Synapses in paravertebral chain of ganglia lead here

A

spinal nerves to skin: sweat glands, blood vessels, and erector pili

32
Q

Synapses in cervical ganglia lead to here

A

head, heart, and lungs

33
Q

Nerves that lead to collateral ganglia

A

splanchnic nerves (preganglionic fibers)

34
Q

Synapses in collateral ganglia lead to here

A

abdominal pelvic organs

reproductive organs-greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves and sacral splanchnic nerves

35
Q

Which vertebrae spinal nerves C1-C7 are named after

A

the vertebra directly below them

36
Q

Which vertebra spinal nerve C8 is above

A

T1

37
Q

Which vertebrae spinal nerves T1-Co1 (all but C1-C8) are named after

A

the vertebra directly above them

38
Q

The dorsal ramus innervates these muscles

A

deep back and intrinsic back muscles

skin of back

39
Q

Rami communicantes come off these rami

A

ventral rami

40
Q

Spinal nerves that have white rami

A

T1-L2

41
Q

Levels of spinal cord with a lateral horn in addition to the ventral and dorsal horns

A

T1-L2

42
Q

Spinal cord extends from where to where

A

brain to about L2

43
Q

The tapering end of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

44
Q

Axons projecting inferiorly from end of spinal cord

A

cauda equina

45
Q

Anchors conus medullar is to coccyx

A

filum terminale

46
Q

What filum terminale is made from

A

pia mater

47
Q

Largest part of spinal cord

A

cervical part

48
Q

Part of spinal cord with most white matter to gray matter ratio

A

cervical part

49
Q

Part of spinal cord with most gray matter to white matter ratio

A

sacral part

50
Q

Second largest part of spinal cord

A

lumbar part (heavier in gray matter than cervical)

51
Q

Number of pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, Co1

52
Q

Order of spinal meninges and spaces

A

vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater

53
Q

Space around spinal cord filled with CSF

A

subarachnoid space (spinal tap goes here)

54
Q

The grooves on either side of exterior spinal cord

A

dorsal median sulcus and ventral median fissure

55
Q

Central canal of spinal cord

A

continuous with brain ventricles and fill with CSF

56
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons (pseudo unipolar) and satellite cells

57
Q

Ventral horns

A

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that carry efferent info and innervate skeletal muscle

58
Q

Dorsal horns

A

axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons that carry afferent info
(cell bodies of sensory neurons are in dorsal root ganglia)

59
Q

Lateral horns

A

(only in T1-L2)

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

60
Q

Gray commissure

A

unmyelinated axons that surround central canal and connects left and right side of gray matter (horns) in spinal cord

61
Q

How white matter is organized

A

posterior, anterior and lateral funiculi each with ascending and descending tracts and commissural tracts connecting left to right

62
Q

Levels of spinal cord with nerve cell bodies for parasympathetic nerves

A

S2-S4

63
Q

Levels of spinal cord with neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic coming out

A

L3-S1

64
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1-C4

phrenic nerve

65
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

innervates shoulder and arm

66
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1-L4
innervates anterior and medial thigh
ventral rami split into anterior and posterior rami

67
Q

The ramus that branches into plexi

A

ventral ramus

68
Q

The spinal nerves that don’t form plexi and nerves they serve

A

T2-T12

thoracic spinal nerves (intercostals, subcostal)

69
Q

Nerve lateral to psoas major muscle that passes under inguinal ligament

A

femoral nerve

70
Q

Nerve medial to psoas major muscle

A

obturator nerve

71
Q

Femoral triangle borders

A

adductor longus, inguinal ligament, sartorius

72
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L4-S4
innervates gluteal region, posterior thigh, and leg
sciatic nerve (tibial and common fibular), pudendal nerve, superior and inferior gluteal nerves

73
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

largest nerve of body, contains tibial and common fibular nerve

74
Q

Branches of brachial plexus

A

5 ventral rami, 3 trunks (superior, middle, inferior), 6 divisions (3 anterior and 3 posterior), 3 cords (lateral, medial and posterior), 5 branches

75
Q

Names of the five branches of brachial plexus

A

posterior: axillary and radial
anterior: ulnar, median, musculocutaneous

Anatomy (7 decks)

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