Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous tissue cells?

A

1) Neurons

2) Glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialized cells for generating and propagating impulses across cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are glia cells?

A

Support cells of the NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the basic cell of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 4 structures make up a neuron?

A

1) Dendrites
2) Cell body
3) Axon
4) Axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does an axon commonly terminate, and what does it form?

A

Terminates on a neuron forming a synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The site of signal transmission between neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most synapses are ______

A

Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

White and gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do astrocytes secrete?

A

Growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Physical, metabolic, and structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 3 types of cells make up glia?

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Provide myelin sheaths around axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are microglia?

A

Macrophages of the NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Protect against viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When are microglia cells activated?

A

During inflammation in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 2 types of cells make up the PNS?

A

1) Schwann cells

2) Satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Myelin producing cells of the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Support cells of the PNS found within ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there and where are they attached?

A

12 pairs attached to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there and where are they attached?

A

31 pairs attached to spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does gray matter consist of?

A

Neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is gray matter the site of?

A

Synaptic connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What makes up the surface of the brain?

A

Gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a nucleus (CNS)?

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies that have a similar function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What constitutes the “wiring” of the brain?

A

White matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a fasciculus?

A

A bundle of axons of similar functions and connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The largest fasciculus that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 3 main sections of the brain?

A

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are 2 main principles of the NS?

A

1) Bilateral symmetry and “decussations”

2) “Maps” within the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are decussations?

A

Descending motor tracts that start on the right and cross over to the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the sensory homunculus?

A

A sensory map of the body in the rain that includes pain, temp., touch, proprioception, and vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the largest section of the brain?

A

Forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the forebrain divided into?

A

Telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Short, narrow “stalk” that connects forebrain and hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What 3 sections does the hindbrain consist of?

A

1) Pons
2) Cerebellum
3) Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the telencephalon consist of?

A
  • Cerebral cortex (gray matter)
  • White matter (axons)
  • Ventricles
  • Basal ganglia / nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) Temporal
4) Occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does functional localization mean?

A

Different sites of the brain have different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does “contralateral nature of motor and sensory cortex” mean?

A

Left brain corresponds to right brain and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the cerebral cortex connected to?

A

Thalamus and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Movements, behaviour, speech, and decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the site of the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre-central gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the pre-central gyrus responsible for?

A

Activating motor neurons of the spinal cord on the opposite side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the site of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Post-central gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does the parietal lobe control?

A

Somatosensory info – pain, temperature, proprioception, and interpretation of sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parietoccipital sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the site of the primary visual cortex?

A

Gyri on medial surface of occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the site of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Gyri on floor of lateral sulcus of temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the site of the primary olfactory cortex?

A

Inferior surface of temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What lobe is the hippocampus contained within?

A

Temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Memory formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the function of basal nuclei?

A

Regulate motor activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Area between cerebrum and midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does the diencephalon make up?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What does the diencephalon form and where?

A

The wall of the 3rd ventricle between the 2 lateral ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres and 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the MOTOR function of the diencephalon?

A

Regulates motor activity via connections with basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What part of the brain regulates autonomic NS activity?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Where is all sensory info (except smell) processed and then where is it relayed?

A

Processed in thalamus and relayed to cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What 2 cranial nerves are found in the midbrain?

A

CN 3 (occulomotor) and CN 4 (trochlear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the midbrain the site of?

A

Substantia nigra and reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the reticular formation important for?

A

Consciousness and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the largest section of the hindbrain?

A

Pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the pons made up of?

A
  • Fibres
  • Cranial nerve nuclei and RF
  • Pontine nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the medulla made up of?

A
  • Fibres
  • Cranial nerve nuclei (9, 10, and 12)
  • Reticular formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where is the brainstem located?

A

Between diencephalon and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Where is the brainstem connected to the diencephalon?

A

Anterior margin of tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What 3 things does the brainstem contain?

A

1) Fibre tracts (white matter)
2) Cranial nerve nuclei (gray matter)
3) Other nuclei related to cerebellar function and consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is the cerebellum important for?

A

Maintaining equilibrium and fine motor coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are the 3 membranous layers that cover the brain and spinal cord?

A

1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are the functions of the membranous layers?

A

Protection and compartmentalization of cranial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is dura made of?

A

Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is dura close to?

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is arachnoid close to?

A

Dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is the size of the layer of dura in the cranium?

A

Dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is the size of the layer of arachnoid in the cranium?

A

Thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is the thinnest and innermost layer of the membranous layers?

A

Pia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What kind of space are the cranial epidural and subdural spaces?

A

A potential space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is the cranial epidural space inbetween?

A

Dura and skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is the cranial subdural space inbetween?

A

Dura and arachnoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is epidural hematoma?

A

When the middle meninigeal artery lies between dura and skull, which will leak blood and cause dura to separate from skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is subdural hematoma?

A

When vessles passing between arachnoid and dura leak blood into subdural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

Between arachnoid and pia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Are blood vessels present in the subarachnoid space?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

How many cavities are there in the ventricular system and what are they filled with?

A

4 cavities filled with fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What drains into the 3rd ventricle and through what?

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles

- Through inter-ventricular foramina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What drains into the 4th ventricle and through what?

A
  • 3rd ventricle

- Through midline cerebral aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What parts of the brain make up the floor of the 4th ventricle?

A

Pons & medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What part of the brain makes up the roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What part of the brain makes up the wall of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What is the flow of the ventricular system?

A

2 lateral ventricles into midline 3rd ventricle, which drains into 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What does the 4th ventricle drain into?

A

Subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What produces cerebralspinal fluid?

A

Choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

How much CSF is produced per day?

A

About 500 mL

99
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Highly vascularized tissue found within all 4 cerebral ventricles

100
Q

What does CSF look like and where is it derived from?

A

Clear fluid derived from plasma of the choroid plexus

101
Q

What is the choroid plexus made of?

A

Specialized epithelial cells

102
Q

How is CSF absorbed into the blood?

A

Arachnoid granulations in venous sinuses

103
Q

What is hydrocephalus caused by?

A

CSF production being greater than absorption

104
Q

What are 3 functions of CSF?

A

1) Provide protection and buoyancy to brain
2) Maintain consistency of environment for brain tissue
3) Remove cellular waste

105
Q

How is CSF drained, and where is it drained from and to?

A

Drained by arachnoid villi from subarachnoid space into venous sinuses

106
Q

What are arachnoid villi?

A

Tufts of arachnoid that extend through dura into venous sinus

107
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Transport CSF from villi and granulations into venous blood

108
Q

When does production of CSF stop?

A

Never

109
Q

Where are arachnoid villi most numerous?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

110
Q

What supplies oxygen to the brain?

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

111
Q

Does the internal carotid provide anterior or posterior oxygen circulation?

A

Anterior

112
Q

Do the vertebral arteries provide anterior or posterior oxygen circulation?

A

Posterior

113
Q

Where does the internal carotid provide circulation?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

114
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries provide circulation?

A

Cervical spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, occipital and temporal lobes, and posterior and inferior cerebrum

115
Q

What are the 3 major branches of the internal carotid?

A

1) Posterior communicating
2) Anterior cerebral
3) Middle cerebral

116
Q

What does the posterior communicating branch do?

A

Connects anterior and posterior arterial supplies

117
Q

Where is the anterior cerebral branch found?

A

Medial and superior surfaces of frontal and parietal lobes

118
Q

What connects the 2 anterior cerebral branches?

A

Anterior communicating

119
Q

What can be caused by an occlusion of the anterior cerebral?

A

Sensory and motor deficits of the lower limbs of the contralateral body

120
Q

Where is the middle cerebral branch found?

A

Lateral cortical and sub cortical areas

121
Q

What does the middle cerebral branch do?

A

Supplies large portion of motor and pre-motor areas in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

122
Q

What may be caused by an occlusion of the middle cerebral branch?

A

Sensory and motor deficits in the upper limbs and head of the contralateral body

123
Q

What do the vertebral arteries enter, and what do they form once in?

A

Enter cranium and form the single basilar artery

124
Q

What does the basilar artery ascend along?

A

Pons

125
Q

What does the basilar artery split into?

A

Left and right posterior cerebral arteries

126
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Occipital lobe and inferior surface of temporal lobe

127
Q

What connects the posterior cerebral and anterior circulation arteries?

A

Posterior communicating artery

128
Q

What is the anterior spinal artery?

A

Midline artery that descends along the anterior medial sulcus of the medulla and spinal cord

129
Q

What does the CNS require for neurons to stay alive?

A

Uninterrupted flow of blood and constant energy

130
Q

What causes a stroke?

A

Interrupted blood supply to the brain

131
Q

What system are typically involved in strokes?

A

Arterial system

132
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

An occlusion of vessel

133
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

When a vessel bursts; involves smaller vessels under chronic hypertension

134
Q

What is a sinus?

A

A channel carrying deoxygenated blood to internal jugular veins

135
Q

What is a sinus functionally similar to?

A

A vein

136
Q

Where does all venous blood in the brain drain into?

A

A venous sinus

137
Q

What is a difference between sinuses and arteries?

A

Sinuses have lower pressure than arteries

138
Q

What are the 3 midline sinuses that carry the majority of the brains venous blood?

A

1) Superior sagittal sinus
2) Inferior sagittal
3) Straight sinus

139
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Superior margin of falx cerebri

140
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

Inferior margin of falx cerebri

141
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus flow into?

A

Straight sinus

142
Q

Where is the straight sinus?

A

Junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

143
Q

What are the 3 major paired sinuses?

A

1) Transverse sinus
2) Inferior petrosal sinus
3) Sigmoid sinus

144
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus join with and what does it form?

A

Joins with inferior petrosal to form internal jugular vein

145
Q

What do superficial cerebral veins drain into and what is the rest of the flow?

A

Drain into superior sagittal sinus –> confluence of sinuses –> transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> internal jugular

146
Q

What is the function of the internal jugular vein?

A

Drain blood from the brain and return it to the heart

147
Q

What do the deep cerebral veins drain into and what is the rest of the flow?

A

Drain into inferior sagittal sinus –> straight sinus –> transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> internal jugular

148
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and what do they innervate (grand scheme)?

A

12 pairs that innervate head and neck, as well as thorax and abdomen

149
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

3 - occulomotor & 4 - trochlear

150
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pons?

A

5 - trigeminal, 6 - abducens, 7 - facial, & 8 - vestibulocochlear

151
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the medulla?

A

9 - glossopharyngeal, 10 - vagus, 11 - spinal accessory, & 12 - hypoglossal

152
Q

What is an acronym to remember the cranial nerves?

A

Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly

153
Q

Which cranial nerves have only sensory functions?

A

1 - olfactory, 2 - optic, and 8 - vestibulocochlear

154
Q

Which cranial nerves have only motor functions?

A

3 - occulomotor, 4 - trochlear, 6 - abducens, 11 - spinal accessory, & 12 - hypoglossal

155
Q

Which cranial nerves have sensory and motor functions?

A

5 - trigeminal, 7 - facial, 9 - glossopharyngeal, & 10 - vaugs

156
Q

What is the function of the olfactory nerve?

A

Carry olfactory info from olfactory epithelium through the foramina of cribiform plate

157
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Carries visual info from retina through optic canal

158
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Carries balance and hearing from inner ear (cochlear and vestibular apparatus) through the internal auditory meatus

159
Q

What is the function of the occulomotor nerve?

A

Innervate intrinsic muscles and 4 of the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye

160
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve?

A

Innervate superior oblique (pulls down eye when adducted)

161
Q

What is the function of the abducens nerve?

A

Innervate lateral rectus (abducts eye)

162
Q

What is the function of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Innervate steinocleidomastoid (rotate head) and trapezius (shrug shoulders)

163
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Innervate intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (sticking out tongue)

164
Q

What does the spinal accessory nerve leave the cranium through?

A

Jugular foramen

165
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve leave the cranium through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

166
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve and what is its simplified function?

A
  • Somatosensation of the face
    1) Ophthalmic nerve
    2) Maxillary nerve
    3) Mandibular nerve
167
Q

What is the function of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Somatosensory from cornea, nose, and forehead

168
Q

What is the function of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Somatosensory from maxilla, upper lip, teeth, and hard palate

169
Q

What are 2 functions of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Somatosensory from mandible, lower lip, teeth, and anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Motor to muscles of mastication (chewing)
170
Q

What is the sensory function of the facial nerve?

A

Taste and anterior 2/3 of tongue

171
Q

What are the motor functions of the facial nerve?

A
  • Muscles of facial expression

- All glands of face / oral cavity EXCEPT PAROTID

172
Q

What is the sensory function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Taste and somatosensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue

173
Q

What are the motor functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Assist in swallowing

- Parotid gland

174
Q

What are the sensory functions of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Taste (epiglottis)

- Visceral sensory from respiratory tract and viscera

175
Q

What are the motor functions of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Swallowing and speech

- Respiratory tract, heart, esophagus, and intestines

176
Q

How many layers of meninges are there and what are they called?

A

3

1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid
3) Pia mater

177
Q

List the meninges layers from outermost to innermost

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia

178
Q

At what vertebrae does the dura end?

A

S2

179
Q

What does dura look & feel like?

A

Tough, fibrous, and continuous with dura of brain

180
Q

Where is the REAL epidural space, and what does it contain?

A
  • Between dura and vertebral bones

- Contains connective tissue, fat, and veins

181
Q

What is the arachnoid meninge layer adherent to?

A

Dura

182
Q

At what vertebrae does the arachnoid end?

A

S2

183
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space and what does it contain?

A
  • Between arachnoid and pia

- Contains CSF

184
Q

What is the lumbar cistern and what is it used for in medicine?

A
  • Space between L1 and S2

- Used to get a sample of CSF without possibility of damaging the spinal cord

185
Q

What does pia mater adhere to?

A

Spinal cord

186
Q

At what vertebrae does the pia end at?

A

S2

187
Q

What makes up the sac that contains the spinal cord?

A

Dura

188
Q

What is dura NOT attached to?

A

Vertebral bones

189
Q

What kind of ligaments attach spinal cord to dural sac?

A

Denticulate ligaments

190
Q

Where does the dura sac begin and end?

A
  • Begins at foramen magnum

- Ends at S2

191
Q

At what vertebrae does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 - L2 (the conus medullaris)

192
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots that extend to exit the dural sac

193
Q

What tethers the end of the spinal cord to dural sac?

A

Filum terminale (extension of pia)

194
Q

What is the cervical enlargement and between which vertebrae is it found?

A
  • Site of innervation of arm

- C4 - T1

195
Q

What is the lumbosacral enlargement and between which vertebrae is it found?

A
  • Site of innervation of leg

- L2 - S3

196
Q

Describe the differences between roots in the cervical region and roots in the lumbosacral region

A
  • Roots in cervical region are short and horizontal

- Roots in lumbosacral region are long and vertical (cauda equina)

197
Q

What is the function of the dorsal horn?

A

It processes and relays sensory info to the brain

198
Q

How does sensory information enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal root

199
Q

What kinds of fibres does the dorsal root contain?

A

Afferent (sensory)

200
Q

Where are ALL cells bodies of sensory neurons located?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

201
Q

What is the function of the ventral horn?

A

Projects signals to muscle through large motor neurons via the ventral root

202
Q

What are motor neurons innervated by?

A

Descending fibres carried in white matter

203
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Nerve fibres, neuroglia, and blood vessels

204
Q

Why does white matter appear white?

A

Fibres are myelinated

205
Q

What 3 locations do fibres arise from?

A

Cell bodies in:

1) Brain
2) Spinal cord
3) Periphery

206
Q

What kind of axons do fibres in the brain contain?

A

Descending axons from cerebrum and brainstem

207
Q

What kind of axons do fibres in the spinal cord contain?

A

Ascending axons from gray matter

208
Q

What kind of axons do fibres in the PNS contain?

A

Ascending axons from dorsal root ganglion

209
Q

What direction does sensory info travel?

A

Up the cord to the brain

210
Q

What area of the spinal cord will have the greatest number of sensory fibres?

A

Top

211
Q

What direction does motor activity travel?

A

Down the cord to the neurons in the gray matter

212
Q

What area of the spinal cord will have the greatest number of motor fibres?

A

Top

213
Q

What does gray matter mainly consist of?

A

Neuronal cell bodies and neuroglia

214
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

215
Q

Describe the path of spinal nerves

A

Leave spinal cord, pass through intervertebral foramen, and exit as peripheral nerves

216
Q

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

217
Q

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12

218
Q

How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5

219
Q

How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

220
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

221
Q

What attaches spinal nerves to the cord?

A

A ventral root and a dorsal root

222
Q

What innervates skeletal muscle?

A

Motor neurons (cell bodies in the ventral horn)

223
Q

How do action potentials enter the CNS?

A

Dorsal roots of spinal nerves

224
Q

Name 3 stimuli that the sensory system is capable of detecting

A

1) Mechanical
2) Pain
3) Temperature

225
Q

What are 2 examples of mechanoreceptors?

A

1) Neuromuscular spindles

2) Golgi tendon organs

226
Q

What do neuromuscular spindles detect?

A

Changes in length

227
Q

What do golgi tendon organs detect?

A

Tension in tendons

228
Q

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurons of the PNS found?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

229
Q

What structures are supplied by spinal nerves?

A

Myotomes and dermatomes

230
Q

Is a spinal nerve sensory, motor, or mixed?

A

Mixed

231
Q

What are myotomes?

A

Muscles innervated by motor fibres of a spinal nerve

232
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin innervated by sensory fibres of a spinal nerve

233
Q

Name 2 consequences of peripheral nerve injury

A

1) Muscle degeneration

2) Loss of sensitivity in a dermatome

234
Q

What are 3 target tissues of the autonomic nervous system?

A

1) Cardiac muscle
2) Smooth muscle
3) Glands

235
Q

What is the cell body of the first neuron in the CNS referred to as?

A

Pre-ganglionic neuron

236
Q

What is a ganglion the site of?

A

Connection between the pre- and post-ganglionic neuron

237
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS, and do they have similar or opposing functions?

A

1) Sympathetic
2) Parasympathetic
- Opposing

238
Q

When is the sympathetic nervous system activated?

A

During the “fight or flight” response

239
Q

Where are pre-ganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic NS located?

A

Thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord

240
Q

Where are pre-ganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic NS located?

A

Brainstem and sacral levels of spinal cord

241
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

Near the target tissue

242
Q

When is the parasympathetic NS most dominant?

A

At rest

243
Q

What happens when both the branches of the ANS innervate a muscle?

A

One branch will cause contraction and the other will causes relaxation

244
Q

What part of the brain is a major regulator of the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus

Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions