Head & Neck Flashcards
Describe the mandible
U-shaped bone forming the lower jaw
Describe the maxilla
2 bones that form upper jaw and are connected in the median plane
Describe the zygomatic
- Form the prominences of the cheek
- Rests on maxilla
Describe the nasal bone
Divides nasal cavity into left and right on the outside of the nose
Describe the nasal concha
Curved, bony plates on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity
Describe the lacrimal
Small bone that separates nasal cavity on the inside
Describe the ethmoid
Small bone in between eyes that when viewed from the top has a lot of dots on it
Describe the sphenoid
- Has edges on frontal, temporal, and parietal bones
- Lies just above zygomatic
Describe the palatine
Near back of palate covering space between left and right posterior molars
Describe the vomer
Thin, flat bone that forms a part of the bony nasal septum
What are the 3 major sutures?
1) Coronal
2) Sagittal
3) Lamoid
What are the 5 main foramina at the base of the skull?
1) Cribiform
2) Optic canal
3) Carotid
4) Internal acoustic meatus
5) Jugular foramen
Is the cribiform foramen in the anterior or posterior skull?
Anterior
Is the jugular foramen in the anterior or posterior foramen?
Posterior
What is the main function of sinuses?
Filled with air to lighten the skull and decrease the amount of mass on the face
Describe the location of the frontal sinus
Between inner and outer tables of the frontal bone (above eyes)
Describe the location of the sphenoid sinus
Occupy body of sphenoid bone (bridge of nose)
Describe the location of the ethmoidal cells/sinus
- Between nasal cavity and orbit
- More medial than sphenoid sinus
Describe the location of the maxillary sinus
Largest sinus; occupies bodies of the maxillae (covers both cheeks)
What are the 4 facial muscles?
1) Orbicularis oculi
2) Orbicularis oris
3) Buccinator
4) Frontalis
What are 2 functions of the orbicularis oculi?
- Close eyelids
- Assist flow of tears
What is the function of the orbicularis oris?
Sphincter of the mouth
What is the function of the buccinator?
- Keeps cheeks taut
- Active in smiling, sucking, whistling, and blowing
What is the function of the frontalis muscle?
Muscle of forehead
What are the facial muscles innervated by?
Facial nerve (motor) and trigeminal nerve (sensory)
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
1) Temporalis
2) Masseter
3) Lateral pterygoid
4) Medial pterygoid
What is the function of the masseter?
Elevates mandible
Describe the temporalis
Triangular muscles which elevates mandible
Describe the appearance of the masseter
Covers each side of mandible
Describe the appearance of the lateral pterygoid
Triangular, horizontal muscle on inside of mandible
What is the function of the lateral pterygoid?
Protracts mandible and depresses chin
Describe the appearance of the medial pterygoid
Quadrangular, vertical muscle below lateral pterygoid
What is the function of the medial pterygoid?
Works with masseter to elevate mandible
What are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
Mandibular nerve branch of trigeminal nerve
What innervates the infratemporal fossa?
Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
Describe the hard palate
- Anterior concave 2/3 of the palate
- Filled with tongue when it is at rest
Describe the soft palate
Movable posterior 1/3 of the palate
How many primary teeth are there?
20
How many permanent teeth are there?
32
Define dentition
The development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth
What is the function of the extrinsic tongue muscles?
Alter position of tongue (stick tongue out and bring it back in)
What is the major muscle responsible for sticking out the tongue?
Genioglossus
What is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?
Alter shape of tongue / actions of tongue (ex: rolling)
What nerves innervate the tongue?
- Trigeminal
- Facial
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
What 5 musculoskeletal structures make up the cervical vertebrae of the neck?
- Sternohyoid
- Clavicle
- Trapezius
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Digastric
What are the 2 important superior boundaries of the neck?
1) Mandible
2) Superior nuchal line of occipital bone
What are the 3 important inferior boundaries of the neck?
1) Clavicle
2) T1 vertebra
3) 1st rib
What is the most important fascia layer of the neck?
Carotid sheath
What are the 3 main structures that are contained in the carotid sheath?
1) Vagus nerve
2) Common carotid artery
3) Internal jugular vein
What are 4 important functions of the vagus nerve?
1) Innervate muscles of larynx
2) Speech
3) Maintaining airways
4) Movement of vocal cords
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?
- Inferior border of mandible
- Anterior border of sternocleidomastiod
- Midline of neck
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
- Clavicle
- Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
- Anterior border of trapezius
What are 5 major structures located within the anterior triangle?
1) Thyroid gland
2) Larynx & trachea
3) Internal jugular vein
4) Common carotid artery
5) Vagus nerve
What are 3 major structures located within the posterior triangle?
1) External jugular vein
2) Spinal accessory nerve
3) Cervical lymph node
What are the 3 anatomical sections of the pharynx and what do they function as?
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
- Function as air and food pathway
What are the 4 cartilaginous components of the larynx?
1) Thyroid
2) Cricoid
3) Epiglottic
4) Arytenoid
What is the function of the cricoid cartilage in the larynx?
Abducts vocal folds and maintains airways
What is the basic function of the muscles of the larynx?
- Act on vocal cords; change pitch and generate pitch
- Tense and relax vocal ligament
What is the location of the thyroid gland?
Middle of neck, just above clavicle and surrounding trachea
What is the shape of the thyroid gland?
H-shaped
Where does the blood supply to the thyroid gland come from?
External carotid artery
Describe the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Begins at left vagus nerve, up through thyroid, crosses midline just below larynx, descends thyroid, and finally connects to right vagus nerve
What is the outer ear section composed of?
Auricle and external acoustic meatus
What separates the external and middle ear?
Tympanic membrane
What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
Pharyngotympanic tube
What is the function of the auricle?
Collects sound
What is the function of the external acoustic meatus?
Conducts sound to tympanic membrane
What is the middle ear section composed of?
Ossicles and tympanic membrane
What are the 3 ossicles?
1) Malleus
2) Incus
3) Stapes
What is the inner ear section composed of?
Cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals, oval window, and round window
What is the function of the malleus?
Transmits sound from tympanic membrane to inner ear
What is the function of the incus?
Takes vibrations from malleus and conveys them to stapes
What is the function of the stapes?
Transmits sound vibrations from incus to oval window
What nerve is found in the internal acoustic meatus?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
What is the cochlea?
Shell-shaped cavity of bony labyrinth
What is found within each semicircular duct?
Crista (sensory epithelium) within ampulla
What does the kinetic labyrinth detect?
Rotation of head
What are the 2 otolith organes?
Saccule and utricle
What does the saccule detect?
Horizontal and vertical acceleration
What does the utricle detect?
Linear acceleration when head is not actually moving (ex: elevator)
What 4 structures are found in the anterior compartment of the eye?
1) Cornea
2) Pupil
3) Lens
4) Iris
What 3 structures are found in the posterior compartment of the eye?
1) Retina
2) Fovea
3) Optic nerve
What is the function of the anterior compartment of the eye?
Receive and control entry of light into eye
What is the function of the posterior compartment of the eye?
Receive and respond to signals
What is the function of the ciliary muscle in the accomodation process of the lens?
Parasym of oculomotor nerve
What are the 2 basic photoreceptors in the retina?
1) Rods
2) Cones
What is found in the macula densa?
Thinnest, highest concentration of photoreceptors
What is the optic disc?
Where optic nerve forms and leaves
What does the athymic artery do in the optic disc?
Distribute blood
What are the 4 important structures of the central visual pathway?
- Front anterior to posterior brain
1) Optic nerve
2) Optic chiasm
3) Optic tract
4) Visual cortex
Describe the location of inferior oblique
Wrapped around bottom half eye
What is the function of the inferior oblique?
Extorsion – adduction, elevation and lateral rotation of eyeball
What is the innervation of the inferior oblique?
Oculomotor nerve
Describe the location of the superior oblique
Originates from upper, medial side of eyeball (beside the nose)
What is the function of the superior oblique?
Intorsion – abduction, depression, and medial rotation of eyeball
What is the innervation of the superior oblique?
Trochlear nerve
Describe the location of the superior rectus
Begins at top of eye
What is the function of the superior rectus?
Intorsion – abduction, depression, and medial rotation of eyeball
What is the innervation of the superior rectus?
Oculomotor nerve
Describe the location of the inferior rectus
Begins at bottom of eye
What is the function of the inferior rectus?
Extorsion – adduction, elevation and lateral rotation of eyeball
What is the innervation of the inferior rectus?
Oculomotor nerve
Describe the location of the medial rectus
Begins on medial side of eyeball
What is the function of the medial rectus?
Eyeball adduction
What is the innervation of the medial rectus?
Oculomotor nerve
Describe the location of the lateral rectus
Begins on lateral side of eyeball
What is the function of the lateral rectus?
Eyeball abduction
What is the innervation of the lateral rectus?
Abducent nerve
Describe the location of the levator palpebrae superioris
Begins in upper eyelid
What is the function of the levator palpebrae superioris?
Elevation of superior eyelid
What is the innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris?
Oculomotor nerve
