Musculoskeletal Flashcards
What is the anatomical position?
Standing up straight, with palms facing forward
Define superior
Moving towards the head
Define inferior
Moving towards the feet
Define anterior / ventral
Pertaining to the front
Define posterior / dorsal
Pertaining to the back
Define medial
Toward the midline
Define lateral
Away from the midline
Define superficial
Moving outwards towards the surface
Define deep
Moving inwards from the surface
Define proximal
Toward the trunk
Define distal
Away from the trunk
Define palmar
Pertaining to the palm
Define plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Where is the transverse plane and what does it divide the body into?
- A horizontal line across the hips
- Divides the body into superior and inferior
Where is the coronal plane and what does it divide the body into?
- Vertical line down the side of the body
- Divides body into anterior and posterior
What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?
Left and right
What plane does flexion / extension take place?
Sagittal
What plane does abduction / adduction take place?
Coronal
What plane does medial rotation / lateral rotation take place?
Transverse
What are the 4 types of bones?
1) Long
2) Flat
3) Short
4) Irregular
Define long bones and give an example
- Long, tubular bones normally found in the limbs
- Ex: humerus
Define flat bones and give an example
- Act as protection for organs
- Ex: ribs
Define short bones and give an example
- Cuboidal and found only in the wrist and ankle
- Ex: carpal
Define irregular bones and give an example
- Bones of various shapes that do not fit into any other category
- Ex: vertebrae
What are the 3 types of joints?
1) Fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial
Describe fibrous joints
Two bones joined by fibrous tissue
Describe cartilaginous joints
Two bones joined by cartilage
Describe synovial joints
Two bones joined by hyaline cartilage
What are the 3 types of muscle?
1) Skeletal
2) Cardiac
3) Smooth
What are 3 functions of skeletal muscle?
Joint stability and motion, postural control, and absorption of forcce
What is the main function of cardiac muscle?
Contraction of the heart
What are 3 functions of smooth muscle?
Peristalsis, constriction of blood vessels, and secretion from glands
Which type of muscle is considered involuntary?
Smooth
Which type of muscle is considered voluntary?
Skeletal
What are the 5 types of vertebrae from top to bottom?
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
5) Coccygeal
Define kyphosis
Excessive thoracic curvature
Define lordosis
Excessive lumbar curvature
What does the letter A represent?
Spinous process
What does the letter I represent?
Lamina
What does the letter E represent?
Pedicle
What does the letter H represent?
Transverse process
What does the letter C represent?
Vertebral foramen
What is unique about the cervical vertebrae?
- Small vertebral bodies and short transverse processes
- Foramina in transverse processes
What is the atlas and what is unique about it?
- The first cervical vertebrae that supports the skull
- Does not have a vertebral body or spinous process
What is the axis and what is unique about it?
- The second cervical vertebrae
- Characterized by the dens, which extends from the vertebral body
What is unique about the thoracic vertebrae?
- Heart-shaped vertebral body
- Superior and inferior costal facets
- Long transverse processes
What is unique about the lumbar vertebrae?
- Large, kidney-shaped vertebral bodies
- Triangular vertebral foramen
- Long, slender transverse processes
What are the 6 sub-classifications of synovial joints?
1) Pivot
2) Ball and socket
3) Plane
4) Hinge
5) Saddle
6) Condyloid
What are the 2 main group of abdominal muscles?
1) Anterior abdominal wall
2) Posterior abdominal wall
What are 3 functions of the anterior abdominal wall?
1) Trunk flexion
2) Protect & stabilize the trunk
3) Allow for changes in the size of the cavity
What are 4 functions of the posterior abdominal wall?
1) Trunk extension
2) Protect
3) Allow for changes in the size of the cavity
4) Posture
What muscles make up the anterior abdominal wall?
1) External oblique
2) Internal oblique
3) Transverse abdominus
4) Rectus abdominus
What is the anterior abdominal wall innervated by?
Intercostal nerves
What way do the fibres run in the external oblique?
Back to front in a downward direction
What way do the fibres run in the internal oblique?
Perpendicular to the external oblique (back to front in an upward direction)
What way do the fibres of the transverse abdominus run?
Parallel to the floor
Where is the rectus abdominus found?
Either side of the midline of the abdomen
What muscle is involved in a six pack?
Rectus abdominus
What muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall?
1) Erector spinae group
2) Quadratus lumborum
3) Iliopsoas
What is the erector spinae group?
A large column of muscle on either side of the vertebral column
What 2 muscles make up the iliopsoas?
Psoas major and iliacus
How many bones, joints, and groups of muscles can be found in the shoulder girdle?
3 muscles, 3 joints, and 3 groups of muscles
Where is the only attachment of the appendicular to the axial skeleton found?
The shoulder girdle
What 3 bones make up the shoulder girdle?
1) Clavicle
2) Scapula
3) Humerus
What is the clavicle commonly known as?
The collar bone
What are 3 functions of the clavicle?
1) Force absorption
2) Dissipation of force
3) Rotation of the scapula in abduction
What shape is the clavicle?
S-shaped
What is the scapula commonly known as?
The shoulder blade
Does the scapula have an attachment to the chest wall?
NO
What does the scapula look like?
Flat, triangular, and thin
What does the proximal end of the humerus articulate with?
The glenoid fossa
What joints can be found in the shoulder girdle?
1) Sternoclavicular joint
2) Acromioclavicular joint
3) Gleno-humeral joint
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Multiaxial, saddle type synovial joint
What 2 bones are articulated in the sternoclavicular joint?
The medial clavicle and clavicular notch of the sternum
What 2 bones are articulated in the acromioclavicular joint?
Lateral clavicle and acronium process (spine of scapula)
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Plane type synovial
What is the function of the acromioclavicular joint?
Allows for subtle rotation of clavicle on acromion
What 2 bones are articulated in the gleno-humeral joint?
Head of humerus and glenoid of scapula
What type of joint is the gleno-humeral joint?
Multiaxial, ball and socket type synovial
What movements can be performed by the shoulder girdle?
1) Elevation / depression
2) Protraction / retraction
3) Cross flexion / extension
4) Circumduction
What is the primary function of the latissimus dorsi?
Shoulder extension
What are the 2 heads of the pectoralis major and where to the attach to?
1) Clavicular head attaches to medial, anterior clavicle
2) Sternal head attaches to sternum
What does the trapezius act on?
Scapula, NOT SHOULDER JOINT
What does the serratus anterior run between?
Thorax and scapula
What 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff and what is an acronym to remember them?
SITS
1) Supraspinatus
2) Infraspinatus
3) Teres minor
4) Subscapular
What are the 3 heads of the deltoid are what are their functions?
1) Anterior – shoulder flexion
2) Middle – shoulder abduction
3) Posterior – shoulder extension
Which 3 bones make up the forearm?
1) Distal humerus
2) Ulna
3) Radius
What side of the hand is the ulna on?
Pinky finger side
What side of the hand is the radius on?
Thumb side
What is the size of the distal end of the ulna?
Small
What is the size of the distal end of the radius?
Large
How many carpal bones are there?
8
What is an acronym to remember the carpal bones?
She Likes To Play Try To Catch Her
What are the 8 carpal bones from proximal lateral to medial and then distal lateral to medial
1) Scaphoid
2) Lunate
3) Triquetrum
4) Pisiform
5) Trapezium
6) Trapezoid
7) Capitate
8) Hamate
How many metacarpal bones are there and how are they numbered?
5, and they are numbered beginning at the thumb and ending with the pinky
How many phalanges does the thumb have?
2
How many phalanges do all the fingers except the thumb have?
3
What types of phalanges does each finger have?
- Thumb – proximal and distal
- All other fingers – proximal, middle, and distal
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Hinge type synovial
Why does a carrying angle exist?
Because the trochlea has a thick medial, which causes the ulna to migrate away from the body
What 2 bones are articulated in the proximal radioulnar joint?
Proximal radius and ulna
What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?
Pivot type synovial
What 2 bones are articulated in the wrist joint?
The distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones
What type of joint is the wrist joint?
Condyloid type synovial
What is the common name for the metacarpal-phalangeal joint?
Knuckle
What type of joint is the 1st metacarpal-phalangeal joint?
Saddle type synovial
What is the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)?
The first bend in every finger
What is the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)?
The second bend in digits 2-5
What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints?
Hinge type
What 4 muscles make up the biceps and triceps?
1) Biceps brachii
2) Brachialis
3) Coracobrachialis
4) Triceps brachii
What 2 joints is the biceps brachii connected to?
Shoulder and elbow
What kinds of muscles are found in the anterior compartment of forearm muscles?
Flexors and pronators
What kinds of muscles are found in the posterior compartment of forearm muscles?
Extensors and supinators
Where do anterior forearm muscles arise from?
Medial epicondyle
Where do posterior forearm muscles arise from?
Lateral epicondyle
Which muscle is the only flexor innervated by the radial nerve?
Brachioradialis
What 3 muscles are found in the hand?
1) Thenar
2) Hypothenar
3) Central
What 3 nerves are found in the hand?
1) Radial
2) Ulnar
3) Median
What is the function of the muscles of the hand?
Power precision movement and fine motor skills
What are the 3 muscle groups found in the central compartment?
1) Inter-ossei
2) Lumbricals
3) Adductor pollicis
What are the nerves and arteries of the arm?
- Axillary and brachial artery
- Musculocutaneous, radial, and axillary nerves
What are the arteries and nerves of the forearm and hand?
- Ulnar and radial arteries
- Median, ulnar, and radial nerves
What are the major functions of the lower extremity?
Stability and mobility
What is the relationship between stability and mobility?
Inverse
What are the 3 main actions of the lower limb?
1) Hip extension
2) Hip abduction
3) Lateral rotation
What are the 3 regions of the lower extremity?
1) Pelvic girdle
2) Thigh
3) Lower leg
What is the pelvic girdle made for?
Bipedal movement
What is the innominate bone?
The hip bone
What 3 bones make up the innominate bone?
1) Ilium
2) Ischium
3) Pubis
What portion of the hip bone does the ilium make up?
The proximal portion
What 2 main functions of the ilium?
1) Protect lower abdominal contents
2) Provide surface area for attachment of large powerful muscles
What portion of the hip bone does the ischium make up?
The posterior and inferior portion
What portion of the hip bone does the pubis make up?
The anterior and inferior portion
What shape does the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis create?
A “Y” shape
What is the socket of the hip joint called?
Acetabulum
What are the articulations in the sacroiliac joint?
Ilium and sacrum
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?
Part synovial and part fibrous
What is the function of the sacroiliac joint?
Partial flex/ext
What are the articulations in the symphysis pubis joint?
The 2 pubic bodies
What are the articulations of the hip joint?
Head of femur and acetabulum
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Synovial, ball and socket
What part of the acetabulum articulates with the head of the femur?
The lunate surface
What is the largest muscle of the gluteal region?
Gluteus maximus
Where is the piriformis located?
Deep to gluteal muscles
What muscle is also known as the “tailor sit” muscle?
Sartorius
Where does the sartorius begin and end?
Lateral hip to medial knee
What is the longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
What are the 5 medial thigh muscles?
1) Adductor brevis
2) Adductor longus
3) Adductor magnus
4) Gracilis
5) Pectineus
What 4 muscles make up the anterior thigh?
1) Rectus femoris
2) Vastus medialis
3) Vastus intermedius
4) Vastus lateralis
What are the articulations of the patellofemoral joint?
Trochlea of femur and posterior surface of patella
What 3 muscles make up the posterior thigh?
1) Biceps femoris
2) Semimembranosus
3) Semitendinosus
In the knee joint, which bone is non-weight bearing and non-articulating?
Fibula
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial, modified hinge
What shape is the medial collateral ligament?
Fan-shaped
What is the MCL attached to?
Medial femoral epicondyle and medial surface of tibia
What is the LCL attached to?
Lateral epicondyle of femur and fibular head
What are the 2 cruciate ligaments?
1) Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
2) Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
What direction does the ACL run in?
Posterior direction
What direction does the PCL run in?
Anterior direction
What shape is the medial meniscus?
C-shaped
What is the medial meniscus attached to?
Joint capsule and MCL
What shape is the lateral meniscus?
O-shaped
What is the lateral meniscus attached to?
Poplitues muscle
How many tarsal bones are there?
7
How many metatarsals are there?
5
How many phalanges are there in one foot?
14
What 2 joints make up the ankle joint?
1) Talocrural
2) Subtalar
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial
What are the articulations in the talocrural joint?
Distal end of tibia and fibula with the talus
What are the articulations in the subtalar joint?
Superior aspect of calcaneus and inferior aspect of talus
What are the 3 lateral ankle ligaments?
1) Anterior talofibular ligament
2) Posterior talofibular ligament
3) Calcaneofibular ligament
What is the deltoid muscle connected to?
Medial malleolus of the tibia and the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones
What 4 muscles make up the anterior portion of the lower leg?
1) Tibialis anterior
2) Extensor hallicus longus
3) Extensor digitorum longus
4) Peroneus tertius
What 2 muscles make up the lateral portion of the lower leg?
1) Peroneus longus
2) Peroneus brevis
What 3 muscles make up the superficial posterior portion of the lower leg?
1) Plantaris
2) Gastrocnemius
3) Soleus
What 3 muscles make up the deep posterior portion of the lower leg?
1) Flexor hallucis longus
2) Tibialis posterior
3) Flexor digitorum longus
What are the 2 major nerves of the pelvic region?
1) Superior gluteal
2) Inferior gluteal
What are the 3 major nerves of the thigh region?
1) Femoral
2) Obturator
3) Sciatic
What are the 3 major nerves of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?
1) Tibial
2) Deep peroneal
3) Superficial peroneal
