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ASC111 topics 2, 3 & extra Q's > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent, or sensory nerves are?

A

Nerves that relay sensory information from periphery to CNS

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2
Q

Efferent, or motor nerves are?

A

Nerves that send information from CNS to peripheral effector cells & organs

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3
Q

Name the 2 components of the efferent (motor) nervous system.

A

Somatic ns -supply skeletal muscle & regulate contraction

Autonomic ns -innervates & regulates non-motor organs (involuntary stuff).

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4
Q

Name the 3 kinds of receptors in the afferent sensory system

A

exteroception (external)
Interoception (internal)
Proprioception (position & movement of body)

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5
Q

Receptors do not?

A

interpret stimuli. they are transducers that receive stimuli & generate a nerve impulse

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6
Q

Name the 5 classifications of receptors

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors (potentially injurous stimuli)
Photoreceptors
Chemoceptors (MOST PRIMITIVE SENSE)
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7
Q

Name the 4 things involved in proprioception

A

joint receptors -info on tension & pressure
muscle spindles -changes in muscle length
golgi tendon organs -tension in tendons
skin mechanoreceptors -contact w/ enviro

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8
Q

Describe visceral sensation

A

involves structures in body cavity
not available to consciousness
autonomic activity

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9
Q

Describe how ‘smelling’ works

A

odorants pass into nose
dissolve in mucus in nose
bind w/ chemoreceptors

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10
Q

Describe the location of olfactory organs and what they consist of

A

Located on either side of nasal septum

consisting of: supporting cells (Bowman’s glands) =>secrete mucous, olfactory receptor cells, basal cells

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11
Q

a bit about olfactory bulbs?

A

each is lined w/ layer of glomeruli
each glomerulus receives info from only 1 type of olfactory receptor, & olfactory nerve synapses w/ mitral cells which send info about odours to limbic system & brain

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12
Q

Describe taste buds and their location

A

located in tongue/throat. Not evenly distributed, lie along walls of papillae (elevations in tongue). End in microvilli which bear receptor proteins.
5 types: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umani (aa)

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13
Q

LEARN TO LABEL EYE DIAGRAM

A

DO IT.

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14
Q

The retina contains what?

A

rods and cones

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15
Q

A bit about rods

A

detect light & dark, black & white vision

Contain 1 photopigment, rhodopsin

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16
Q

A bit about cones

A

detect colour
require more light to be activated
Not present in fovea
contain 3 photopigments sensitive to blue, red or green

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17
Q

What are bipolar cells (in eye)?

A

intermediary cells that transmit electrical signals from rods & cones to ganglion cells

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18
Q

What are ganglion cells?

A

cell bodies of optic nerve =>connect to CNS

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19
Q

Describe dark phototransduction, and what structure carries this out

A

Rods.
When light transmits through eye, rhodopsin in discs absorbs light, causing it to dissociate into retinene & opsin components.
Leads to reactions & closure of ion channels in rod plasma membrane.
Optic nerve transmits electrical signal to brain

20
Q

Describe light phototransduction, and what structure carries this out

A

Cones.
Light absorbed by photopigment (red, green or blue).
Results in colour image.

21
Q

Describe how an image is created in the eye

A

light strikes photoreceptor, AP conducted to optic nerve.
Axon then pass through optic chiasma & become part of optic tract
axons enter brain & terminate in geniculate nucleus of thalamus
geniculate nuclei signal transmitted by new neurons (optic radiations) to visual cortex

22
Q

Focus of the eye is controlled by?

A

ciliary muscle (called visual accomodation)

23
Q

Colour vision occurs in?

A

some non-primate mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish & insects

Nocturnal animals have no colour vision

24
Q

What is the visual field?

A

part of the environment from which light enters eyes & stimulates retinas

25
Q

What is the sclera?

A

connective tissue outer protective layer. connected to cornea

26
Q

What is the cornea?

A

outermost transparent layer, allows transmission of light into eye

27
Q

What is the anterior/posterior chamber?

A

cavity containing aqueous humor.
beneath cornea (anterior).
underlies iris, overlies lens (posterior)

28
Q

What is the vitreous chamber?

A

cavity containing vitreous humor. b/w lens & retina

29
Q

What is the iris?

A

smooth muscle that control amount of light entering eye

30
Q

What is the pupil?

A

hole in iris which light passes through on way to retina

31
Q

What is the lens?

A

biconvex structure responsible for focusing images on retina

32
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

tissue connecting choroid & iris; contains ciliary muscles

33
Q

What is the choroid?

A

highly pigmented tissue containing dense network of blood vessels

34
Q

What is the retina?

A

innermost layer of eye; contains photoreceptors, fovea & optic disk

35
Q

What is the optic disk?

A

area where mulitpolar ganglion cells merge into optic nerve

36
Q

What is the fovea?

A

central part of retina, where light from centre of vision if transmitted to

37
Q

What are zonular fibres?

A

connect ciliary muscles to lens

38
Q

LEARN TO LABEL EAR DIAGRAM

A

DO IT SHITHEAD.

39
Q

Name the parts of the external ear

A

Pinna (auricle) aka ear lobes

external auditory meatus (ear canal)

40
Q

What is the tympanic membrane? And what does it separate?

A

Ear drum. Separates external ear from middle ear

41
Q

what is the function of the middle ear? Name the parts it contains.

A

To amplify soundwaves transmitted to tympanic membrane.
3 auditory ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup).
Span from tympanic membrane to vestibular (oval) window

42
Q

Name the components of the inner ear and their functions

A

Inner ear aka labyrinth
Vestibular apparatus receptor for equilibrium, balance & head position. 3 major components:
semicircular canals -detect changes in direction
utricle & saccule -U is for balance, S is for hearing
Cochlea -fluid filled spiral housing organ of corti

43
Q

Describe the process of hearing

A

sound waves funnelled into external auditory meatus by pinna to tympanic membrane (TM)
sound waves hit TM causing it to vibrate
Vibrations of TM induce vibrations in middle ear ossicles
Once vibrations reach oval window, basilar membrane moves fluid of cochlea (perilymph).
Distorted hairs then generate AP to auditory nerve =>brain.

44
Q

Somatic motor neurons do what? (think coordination)

A

stimulate muscles to cause muscle contraction

45
Q

Central Pattern Generators (CPG) are located where and control what?

A

Located in spinal cord.

Control limb coordination, rhythm, speed

46
Q

A bit about Upper & Lower motor neurons

A

UMN regulate LMN activity.
UMN -initial voluntary movement, maintain stable body posture & position
Final common pathway for all movement is via LMN

ASC111 topics 2, 3 & extra Q's (7 decks)

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