Comparative Heart Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the circulation pattern of mammals & reptiles

A

Double circulation

blood passes through heart twice

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2
Q

Name the circulation pattern of fish

A

single circulation

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3
Q

How many chambers does a mammalian heart have?

A

4 chambers

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4
Q

Ruminants & horses have a larger right lung. What affect does this have on the heart?

A

Displaces 60% of heart to left of mid-line

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5
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

lower ventral part of mediastinum

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6
Q

Most of the horses heart surface is covered by?

A

the lungs

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7
Q

Why is the CV system of the horse superior?

A

due to proportionately larger heart & spleen per unit body mass than other large animals
able to double pack splenic red cell volume & oxygen delivery during exercise

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8
Q

Ascending aorta curves to the …. in birds and the …. in mammals

A

right in birds

left in mammals

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9
Q

The avian heart lacks…? And apex is surrounded by…?

A

lacks diaphragm & chordae tendinae

Apex surrounded by liver lobes

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10
Q

How many pulmonary veins do mammals have compared to birds?

A

Mammals have 4-6

Birds (chicken specifically) have 2

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11
Q

Cranial vena cava enters right atrium as one major vessel in mammals.
What is the difference in a chicken?

A

enters right atrium as two seperate vessels: R & L cranial venae cavae

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12
Q

Which heart is larger relative to size & body mass, mammal or avian?

A

Avian

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13
Q

A bit about the fish heart

A

One atrium
One ventricle
Single circulation
2 chambered

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14
Q

A bit about the reptile/amphibian heart

A
Two atria
One ventricle, partially divided
Double circulation 
-oxygenated & deoxygenated blood are MIXED
3 chambered heart
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15
Q

A bit about the mammalian heart

A
Two atria
Two ventricles
Double 
-oxygenated & deoxygenated blood are SEPERATE
4 chambered heart
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16
Q

Draw the blood flow through the lizard, snake & turtle heart diagrams.

A

DO IT SHITHEAD

17
Q

What is special about the crocodilian heart? Describe.

A
4 chambered (reptiles 3)
-oxygenated & dexoygenated blood kept seperate

Pulmonary bypass shunt (reptiles also have this)
-enables crocodiles to match lung perfusion to oxygen requirements as they dive

18
Q

What is Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?

A

Hole in heart (septum)
one of most common defects in sheep, cattle, horses.
Position of defect determined by which parts failed to form in utero

19
Q

List the classifications of VSD

A
  1. Perimembranous
  2. Inlet
  3. Subarterial or subpulmonary
  4. Muscular
20
Q

What are the effects of VSD?

A

L-R shunt of blood through VSD
hypertrophy of L & R ventricle
-can lead to shunt reversal causing system hypoxia (inadequate O2) as venous blood enters systemic circulation

21
Q

Clinical signs of VSD?

A
Cyanosis (lack of O2)
Heart murmur (regurgitant)
22
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot?

A

complex combination of 4 heart defects:

  • VSD
  • Pulmonary stenosis (low blood flow to lungs)
  • R-ventricular hypertrophy
  • Overriding aorta
23
Q

Clinical signs of TOF?

A

cyanosis
poor growth
exercise intolerance
loud heart murmur

24
Q

What are the two main functions of cardiac toxins?

A

To capture prey

To serve as defence

25
What are the effects of cardiac glycosides?
inhibit Na/K ATPase pump | stimulate release of Ca from sarcolemma causes contractions
26
What are the effects of plant cardiac poisons?
arrhythmia (irregular heart beat) bradycardia (slow HB) tachycardia (increased HB) salivating, cold extremities, dilated pupils