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MCAT > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

2 Parts of PNS

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System
  2. Autonomic Nervous System
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2
Q

Purpose of Somatic Nervous System

A

controls skeletal muscles

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3
Q

Purpose of Autonomic System

A

controls everything somatic doesn’t

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4
Q

2 Parts of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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5
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or Flight

See the Bear

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6
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and Relax

See the Beer

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7
Q

2 Hormones Important to Sympathetic

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

  • hormones when released from adrenal medulla as endocrine hormones (most epinephrine)
  • released from nerves as neurotransmitters (mostly norepinephrine)
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8
Q

What makes up the Input region of a nerve?

A

Soma and Dendrite

  • comprised of ligand gates
  • gates open when ligand binds to a receptor
  • influx or efflux of ions
  • changes resting potential (-70mV)
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9
Q

Resting Potential

A

-70

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10
Q

What happens during depolarization?

A

influx of K+, becomes less negative and the current spreads

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11
Q

Importance of Axon Hillock

A
  • where soma meets axon
  • where Na+ gates start
  • no ligand gates
  • beginning of voltage gates
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12
Q

When do Na+ gates open?

A

when threshold potential is reached

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13
Q

At what voltage do Na+ gates open?

A

When voltage drops to -50, Na+ rushes in.

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14
Q

Why doesn’t Na+ go towards the soma?

A

Because that is where the relatively (+) came from

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15
Q

Describe Na+ propagation.

A
  • Na+ propagates toward the right, down the axon towards the terminal knob.
  • Opens up more Na+ gates along the way allowing more charge to enter
  • gates switch at terminal knob
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16
Q

Terminal Knob

A
  • Ca+ voltage gates begin and start to open at -50 as well
  • Ca+ enters cell because higher [] outside
  • Ca+ binds vesicles (containing NT) causing it to fuse with terminal knob
  • vesicle becomes part of plasma membrane
  • NT is exocytosed into synaptic cleft
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17
Q

Where is threshold potential reached?

A

axon hillock

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18
Q

-70 to -50

A

Na+ ligand gates on soma and dendrites

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19
Q

@ -50

A

Na+ voltage gates open

20
Q

At Top

A

K+ at top of hill that open

21
Q

What drives sodium?

A

electro-chemical drive

22
Q

What causes repolarization?

A

K+ voltage gates, at rest- more K+ inside

23
Q

Equilibrium Potential of K+

A

-90

24
Q

When does K+ stop movement?

A

at -90

25
Q

What does K+ want to do at resting potential?

A

leave cell

26
Q

What reestablishes the chemical gradient in neuron?

A

Na+/K+ pump (uses 1 ATP per pump)

27
Q

What is resting potential of Na+?

A

+60

28
Q

At resting potential, describe leakiness of cell.

A

cell is more leaky to K+ than Na+ because resting potential of Na+ is +60 (why it rushes in)

29
Q

What is responsible for the resting membrane potential?

A

leaky K+ gates

30
Q

3 Fates of Neurotransmitter

A
  1. Reuptake
  2. Broken down by enzyme in cleft
  3. can diffuse away
31
Q

Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in cleft?

A

acetycholine esterase

32
Q

What is the main parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

33
Q

Relationship of Acetylcholine and muscles

A

Acetylcholine binds to muscle receptor in T-tubule which is contiguous with sarcoplasmic reticulum and SR depolarizes to allow intracellular [Ca+] to rise

34
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

takes resting potential from -70 to -90 which is much more stable because it is further from action potential

35
Q

Hypopolarization

A

ready to fire

might sit at -60 rather than -70

rapid action potentials

to fix: give drug that hyperpolarizes

36
Q

Constipation: hyper or hypo?

A

hyper (decreased peristalsis because cells are more stable)

37
Q

Diarrhea: hypo or hyper?

A

hypo

38
Q

What nerve innervates the heart? What type of nerve is it?

A

Vagus nerve- parasympathetic

39
Q

What happens in neuron when you have opposing electro-chemical gradients?

A

Example:

Top of Hill: cell is (+) with a lot of Na+ in cell; drive is for Na+ to leave cell but there is more Na+ outside cell

Nernst Equation- reconciles electrical and chemical gradients that are going in opposite directions

40
Q

Nernst Equation

A

Delta G = -NFE = -RTlnKEq

-NFE is charge

N = # of electrons

F = Faraday’s Constant = 10*5

E = EMF (what charge differential is)

If differential charges go up, linear increase of electrical gradient

41
Q

Chemical Gradient

A

Delta G = -RTlnKEq

if KEq is outside vs. inside, increases logarithmically

42
Q

If chemical separation of [100] to [1], increases chemical drive by

A

2

43
Q

If 100:1 charge difference, increases ion drive by

A

100

44
Q

Which is more powerful: electric gradient or chemical gradient?

A

electric gradient is more powerful than chemical gradient but chemical gradient can overcome electrical gradient 63:1

45
Q

Which nerve connects the lower brain to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic Nerve (requires no higher thinking)

MCAT (7 decks)

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