Enzymes and Metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

How can competitive inhibitors be overcome?

A

increase substrate concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do non-competitive inhibitors work?

A

bind to allosteric site and destroy active site of enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the effect of competitive inhibitors on the Km of an enzyme?

A

Competitive Inhibitors:

  • decrease affinity
  • thus increase Km of enzyme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the effect of competitive inhibitors on the Vmax of an enzyme?

A

Competitive Inhibitors:

-do not change Vmax because Vmax is the rate when you have an infinite amount of substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the x-axis and y-axis on an enzyme curve?

A

X-Axis: Substrate Concentration

Y-Axis: Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Vmax?

A

Vmax is the rate when substrate concentration is at infinity (i.e. don’t have to wait for substrate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on the Km of an enzyme?

A

Non-competitive Inhibitors:

  • no effect on affinity
  • thus no effect on Km
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on the Vmax of an enzyme?

A

Non-competitive inhibitors:

-decrease Vmax of an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the activation energy of an enzyme?

A

Energy required to align the active site and substrate.

(enough collisions for alignment)

(breaks bonds if needed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is glucokinase?

A

Glucokinase is the first enzyme in glycolysis pathway of the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the Km of glucokinase low or high?

A

Glucokinase:

  • has low affinity
  • thus high Km
  • because if there is a low amount of glucose you don’t want liver to process it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is the Vmax of glucokinase low or high?

A

Glucokinase:

  • high Vmax
  • so if there is a ton of glucose, liver will process it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Hexokinase?

A

Hexokinase is the first enzyme in glycolysis in muscles and other tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the Km and Vmax of Hexokinase.

A

Hexokinase:

  • high affinity, so low Km
  • does not have high Vmax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is glucose oxidized or reduced in glycolysis?

A

oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GLYCOLYSIS:

IN: ?

OUT: ?

A

GLYCOLYSIS:

IN: GLUCOSE, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

OUT: 2 PYRUVATE, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

NET: 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do we know that pyruvate is a high energy molecule?

A

Pyruvate is a high energy moleecule because in order to make it, we didn’t produce CO2 and CO2 is the most oxidized form of carbon. So pyruvate still has high energy electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to pyruvate if there is no oxygen?

A

Pyruvate turns into lactic acid because of Le Chat’s Principle.

We regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis running.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does fermentation happen?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

FERMENTATION

IN: ?

OUT: ?

A

FERMENTATION

IN: PYRUVATE, NADH

OUT: LACTIC ACID, NAD+

21
Q

What are the reducing agents and oxidizing agents of fermentation?

A

Oxidizing Agent: Pyruvate

Reducing Agent: NADH

22
Q

Can oxidation and reduction agents ever be products?

A

No, always reactants

23
Q

If there is oxygen, where does pyruvate go?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

24
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the matrix?

A

In matrix, pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA

25
Q

Purpose of PDC

A
  • remove CO2 from pyruvate
  • oxidize the carbons of pyruvate
26
Q

PDC

IN: ?

OUT: ?

A

PDC

IN: PYRUVATE, NAD+

OUT: CO2, ACETYL COA, 2 NADH

27
Q

What is the reducing agent in PDC?

A

NAD+ is the reducing agent (produces NADH).

28
Q

What becomes of Acetyl CoA?

A

goes to Kreb’s Cycle

29
Q

KREB’S CYCLE

IN: ?

OUT: ?

A

KREB’S CYCLE

IN OUT

ACETYL COA ⇒ 2 CO2

3 NAD+ ⇒ 3 NADH

1 FAD+ ⇒ 1 FADH2

1 GDP ⇒ 1 GTP

ALL PER SPIN SO x2- 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP (2 ATP)

30
Q

Products of Kreb’s Cycle

A

2 CO2

6 NADH

2 FADH2

2 GTP (2 ATP)

31
Q

What is the term for how ATP is made in ETC?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

32
Q

Products of Glucose Metabolism

A

10 NADH

2 FADH2

4 ATP NET

(6 SLPS: 4 GLYCOLYSIS AND 2 KREB’S)

33
Q

What gets sent to ETC?

A

Reducing Agents

NADH and FADH2

34
Q

Where does the ETC take place?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

35
Q

What drives Complex 5?

A

Proton Gradient (not ATP)

pulls ADP and P together

36
Q

How is the proton gradient set up in ETC?

A

Complex 1, 2, and 4 are proton pumps.

37
Q

Where do NADH electrons go? What happens?

A

Complex 1 which gets reduced and becomes a proton pump.

Pumps protons from the matrix to inner mitochondrial space.

38
Q

What happens to the protons that were pumped?

A

Protons diffuse back through Complex 5 (ATP Synthase) and ATP is made (ferris wheel)

39
Q

How does the same electron go from Complex 1 to 3 to 4?

A

Cytochrome carrier

40
Q

Where does an electron go after Complex 4?

A

Complex 4 dumps the electron onto oxygen to form water.

41
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in ETC? Why?

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in ETC because it has the highest reduction potential (i.e. wants electrons the most)

42
Q

How many pumps did NADH’s electrons stimulate?

A

3 (1,3,4)

43
Q

How many ATP’s does the pumping of one proton yield?

A

1 pump pumps enough protons to make 1 ATP.

Thus,

1 NADH yields 3 ATPs

1 FADH2 yields 2 ATPS

44
Q

What is the purpose of Complex 2?

A

Complex 2 accepts electrons from FADH2.

It is not a proton pump.

C2 to C3 to C4.

Hits 2 proton pumps.

45
Q

How many ATP result from the NADH made in glycolysis?

A

each NADH does not yield 3 ATP because it costs 1 ATP to transport to matrix

2 NADH = 2 ATP net

46
Q

What happens to the complexes if there is no oxygen?

A

If there is no oxygen, the complexes will remain in their reduced stated.

NADH will dump its electrons back onto pyruvate and ferment.

47
Q

What is Beta Oxidation?

A

Beta oxidation is the breaking down of fats.

48
Q

What is the product of Beta Oxidation?

A

Acetyl CoA (a lot of it because of all the carbons from the fatty acid)

49
Q
A