Enzymes and Metabolism Flashcards
How can competitive inhibitors be overcome?
increase substrate concentration
How do non-competitive inhibitors work?
bind to allosteric site and destroy active site of enzyme
What is the effect of competitive inhibitors on the Km of an enzyme?
Competitive Inhibitors:
- decrease affinity
- thus increase Km of enzyme
What is the effect of competitive inhibitors on the Vmax of an enzyme?
Competitive Inhibitors:
-do not change Vmax because Vmax is the rate when you have an infinite amount of substrate
What are the x-axis and y-axis on an enzyme curve?
X-Axis: Substrate Concentration
Y-Axis: Rate
What is Vmax?
Vmax is the rate when substrate concentration is at infinity (i.e. don’t have to wait for substrate)
What is the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on the Km of an enzyme?
Non-competitive Inhibitors:
- no effect on affinity
- thus no effect on Km
What is the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on the Vmax of an enzyme?
Non-competitive inhibitors:
-decrease Vmax of an enzyme
What is the activation energy of an enzyme?
Energy required to align the active site and substrate.
(enough collisions for alignment)
(breaks bonds if needed)
What is glucokinase?
Glucokinase is the first enzyme in glycolysis pathway of the liver.
Is the Km of glucokinase low or high?
Glucokinase:
- has low affinity
- thus high Km
- because if there is a low amount of glucose you don’t want liver to process it
Is the Vmax of glucokinase low or high?
Glucokinase:
- high Vmax
- so if there is a ton of glucose, liver will process it
What is Hexokinase?
Hexokinase is the first enzyme in glycolysis in muscles and other tissues.
Describe the Km and Vmax of Hexokinase.
Hexokinase:
- high affinity, so low Km
- does not have high Vmax
Is glucose oxidized or reduced in glycolysis?
oxidized
GLYCOLYSIS:
IN: ?
OUT: ?
GLYCOLYSIS:
IN: GLUCOSE, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
OUT: 2 PYRUVATE, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
NET: 2 ATP
How do we know that pyruvate is a high energy molecule?
Pyruvate is a high energy moleecule because in order to make it, we didn’t produce CO2 and CO2 is the most oxidized form of carbon. So pyruvate still has high energy electrons.
What happens to pyruvate if there is no oxygen?
Pyruvate turns into lactic acid because of Le Chat’s Principle.
We regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis running.
Where does fermentation happen?
Cytoplasm