low oxygen in blood or low blood volume

_3 Organ Hormone_ - secreted by kidney - travels to liver - in liver, renin activates angiotensinogen to angiotensinogen I - angio I travels to lungs - in lungs, angio 1 becomes angio 2 (effector molecule) - angio 2 activates adrenal cortex to make aldosterone (and arteriol constriction)

Endocrine Flashcards by Douglas Wilson

ADH Stimulus

low blood volume (want more water in blood)

high blood osmol (high [] particles in blood so you still want more water in the blood)

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ADH Mechanism

peptide hormone so it binds to extracellular receptor which activates a secondary message and opens an aquaporon which allows water to flow through it

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ADH Origin

Posterior Pituitary (osmol receptors)

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ADH Result

increase water reabsorption across the collecting duct

bring water back into the body to maintain blood volume

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Aldosterone Stimulus

low blood volume or high blood osmol

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Aldosterone Mechanism

acts around distal convoluted tubule to activate sodium pumps

steroid hormone so it enters nucleus to activate transcription of sodium pumps

pumps more sodium into tissue

resulting osmotic pressure sucks fluid into tissue and concentrates urine

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Aldosterone Origin

Adrenal Cortex

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Aldosterone Result

increased water reabsorption

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EPO Stimulus

low oxygen in blood

low blood volume

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EPO Mechanism

released into blood

enters bone marrow

stimulates RBC production

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Effect of low GFR on EPO?

cells sense low GFR, EPO increases

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EPO Origin

Juxta-glomerulus cells

senses pressure in Bowman’s Capsule

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What does GFR determine?

GFR determines how much filtrate is made.

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The higher the hydrostatic pressure, the _______ GFR?

The higher the hydrostatic pressure, the higher GFR.

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EPO Result

Increase in RBC production

Good: extra oxygen carrying, thicker blood moves slower

Bad: thicker blood can clot

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Renin Stimulus

low blood volume or low blood pressure

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Renin Origin

Juxta-glomerulus cells

(sense low GFR)

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Renin Mechanism

3 Organ Hormone

secreted by kidney
travels to liver
in liver, renin activates angiotensinogen to angiotensinogen I
angio I travels to lungs
in lungs, angio 1 becomes angio 2 (effector molecule)
angio 2 activates adrenal cortex to make aldosterone (and arteriol constriction)

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Renin Result

Increased Blood Pressure

(Increased Blood Volume)

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How do you know a follicle is mature?

A mature follicle secretes estrogen.

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2 Effects of Angiotensin 2

activates adrenal cortex to make aldosterone
constricts arterioles (to increase blood pressure)

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Tmax

Kidney’s reabsorption receptors work at max rate (Tmax)

obeys saturation kinetics

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What happens if you exceed the Tmax of glucose transporters in the kidney?

urinate glucose

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Higher the Blood Pressure, the _______ time to reabsorb?

Higher the Blood Pressure, the less time to reabsorb.

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The lower the Blood Pressure, the ______ time to reabsorb?

The lower the blood pressure, the **more** time to reabsorb.

High GFR, _______ Clearance

High GFR, **Low** Clearance

Clearance

how quickly the kidney gets rid of things

4 Hormones of Kidney

Aldosterone ADH EPO Renin

What drives filtration?

Hydrostatic Pressure

What drives reabsorption?

ATP

What drives the concentration of urine?

Osmotic Pressure across the collecting duct (osmotic pressure is created by the ascending loop of henle)

Angiogenesis

creation of blood vessels increase in vascularization

ACTH Result

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete: Sweet- cortisol and growth hormone Salty- aldosterone Sex- androgens

TSH Result

TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete TH.

Purpose of Growth Hormone.

Stress hormone that stimulates many metabolic pathways (anabolic and catabolic).

2 Parts of Adrenal Gland

2 Parts of Adrenal Gland - Cortex - Medulla

What does adrenal cortex produce?

Sweet Salty Sex

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (both endocrine hormones and neurotransmitters)

Peptide Hormone Mechanism

binds extracellular and activates secondary messenger

Peptide Hormone Onset

Rapid

Peptide Hormone Duration

Short Duration

What effect does an antagonist have?

opposite effect

What effect does an agonist have? Give an example.

same effect Grave's Disease

What makes insulin?

Beta cells of pancreas

Hormones of Anterior Pituitary

F FSH L LH A ACTH T TSH P Prolactins E Endorphins G Growth Hormone FLAT PEG

What makes glucagon?

Alpha cells of pancreas

When is insulin secreted?

Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are high

Insulin Mechanism

- peptide hormone - binds extracellular - works on glute transporters to allow glucose to enter cell

Aside from allowing glucose to enter the cell, what else does insulin do?

Insulin: - activates glycolysis - inhibits gluconeogenesis - activates fatty acid and protein synthesis - activates glyconeogenesis (making of glycogen- storage form of glucose)

When is glucagon secreted?

low blood glucose levels

What does glucagon do?

Glucagon: - activates gluconeogenesis (makes glucose from fats and proteins) - activates fatty acid degradation - breaks down proteins for Kreb's - breaks down glycogen via glycogenolysis

Glycogenolysis

breaking down of glycogen

Beta Oxidation

Fatty Acid Degradation

Hormones of Thyroid

Thyroxine (Thyroid Hormone) Calcitonin

Why is thyroid hormone secreted?

TH is secreted to increase metabolism.

What stimulates the release of TH?

TH is stimulated by TSH from the anterior pituitary.

Briefly describe the Tertiary Axis.

Hypothalamus (TRH) → Anterior Pituitary (TSH) → Thyroid (TH)

Hyperthyroidism

making too much TH

Primary Hyperthyroidism

- Problem is with the thyroid gland - Making too much TH - Negative feedback will lower TRH and TSH but it won't have any effect on TH levels

Secondary Hyperthyroidism

- too much TSH - problem with anterior pituitary - negative feedback will lower TRH

Tertiary Hyperthyroidism

- problem with hypothalamus - too much TRH - leads to too much TSH and TH - all 3 levels are up

Primary Hypothyroidism

- thyroid not working - low TH - upregulation of TRH and TSH

Secondary Hypothyroidism

- problem with anterior pituitary - low TSH leads to low TH - upregulate TRH

3 Positive Feedback Examples

- Oxytocin - Estrogen at high levels - Prolactin

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

ADH and Oxytocin

Oxytocin Stimulus

baby head on cervix

Oxytocin Mechanism

- positive feedback - electrical signal to posterior pituitary

Oxytocin Origin

Posterior Pituitary

Oxytocin Result

uterine contraction (and milk ejaculation as well)

Calcitonin Result

- builds bone - decrease levels of calcium in plasma

Calcitonin Mechanism

activates osteoblasts to build bone (become osteocytes)

Calcitonin Origin

thyroid

Calcitonin Stimulus

high calcium levels in plasma

Hormones of Parathyroid Gland

PTH

Which hormone is an antagonist of calcitonin?

PTH

PTH Mechanism

activates osteoclasts to break down bone (bone macrophages)

PTH Origin

Parathyroid Gland

PTH Stimulus

low levels of calcium in blood

PTH Result

increased calcium levels in blood

Exocrine

hormone released into duct

Paracrine

released into interstitial fluid and acts locally

Endocrine

released into blood

Autocrine

acts on the same cell that released it

What kind of a gland is the pancreas?

Endocrine- glucagon and insulin into blood Exocrine- digestive juice into duct

3 Stress Hormones

Growth Hormone Glucagon Cortisol