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Life Science > Nervous System 2 (CNS and PNS) > Flashcards

Nervous System 2 (CNS and PNS) Flashcards

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1
Q

3 main functions of CNS

2 mini one major

A

Receive nerve impulses
INTERPRET AND PROCESS THE INFO
Transmit beck to receptors

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2
Q

Vertebral column

A

Bone tissue
33 vertebrae
vertebral canal inside

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3
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Encloses the spinal cord

inside vertebral columns

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4
Q

Function of cartilaginous discs between vertebrae and s-shape

A

Shock absorption

Makes vertebral column more flexible

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5
Q

What are meninges

A

Cerebral membranes that

Envelope the brain

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6
Q

list 3 meninges

A
  1. Pia mater
    1B cerebrospinal fluit
  2. Arachnoid membrane
  3. Dura mater
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7
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost membrane
Tightly wrapped around brain and spinal cord
Rich in blood vessels (there provide: oxygen, nutrients) to CNS

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8
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

A thin membrane

Between pia mater and dura mater

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9
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough outermost membrane

Lines skull cavity and spinal cord notes

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10
Q

5 functions of cerebrospinal fluids

A

1 Acts as absorber

  1. supply neurons with nutrients and oxygen
  2. removes his waste
  3. prevents dehydration of neurons
  4. Maintains constant pressure around CNS
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11
Q

grey matter

A

Consist of Darker cell bodies

dendrites of neurons

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12
Q

white matter

A

Consists of myelinated axons

appear white due to fatty myelin sheaths that enclose the axons

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13
Q

In the spinal cord the —– matter on the inside and the —– matter on the outside

A

inside: grey (H- shaped)
Outside: white

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14
Q

In the brain the —– matter on the inside and the —– matter on the outside

A

Inside: white matter

Outside : grey matter

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15
Q

“Definition” of brain … location

A

The enlarged

upper part of spinal cord

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16
Q

What forms the largest part of the brain

A

The cerebrum

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17
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

The outer layer of the cerebrum
Consisting of grey matter

White matter inside cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Describe how the cerebral cortex looks and function

A

Folds called gyri
Grooves called sulci

Function: enlarge surface area of brain (brain surface)

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19
Q

What divides the cerebrum into halves/ cerebral hemispheres?

A

A deep longitudinal fissure (groove)

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20
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the cerbrum

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
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21
Q

What partially connects teh 2 hemispheres to each other

A

A layer of white matter

— the corpus callosum

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22
Q

What are the 4 cerebral ventricles

A

Cavities in the brain

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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23
Q

Name and explain the 3 functions of the cerebrum

A
  1. Origin of all voluntary action
    (walking jumping speech)
  2. Receives and interprets nerve impulses
    (from sense organs where the sensations (of stimuli) arise)
    3.Seat of higher mental function
    (memory, intelligence, imagination, emotion planning, thought, power of judgement)
24
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

a C-shaped structure
between the two cerebral hemispheres

Largest bundles of nerve fibres in the brain (over 200 million axons)

25
Q

What does the corpus callosum consist of and why

A

White matter

Made up of a bundle of axons that connect two halves

26
Q

Name and explain 2 functions of the corpus callosum

A
  1. Conduct impulses between two cerebral hemispheres

2. Forms a bridge for communication between 2 hemispheres (To coordinate processes)

27
Q

Where is the cerebellum situated

A

Behind and below the cerebrum

28
Q

Define vermis

A

The worm like mass of nerve tissue

Connecting 2 hemispheres of cerebellum

29
Q

How does the surface (the grooves) of the cerebellum differ to that of the cerebrum

A

More shallow

More Parallel

30
Q

How is the white matter uniquely arranged in the cerebellum

A

Like a branched tree

Abor vitae

31
Q

What is arbor vitae

A

The latin term for Tree of Life

32
Q

List the 2 functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. Coordinated and controls all voluntary actions
    (Makes precise smooth movement possible)
  2. Controls muscle tone / tension in the muscles
    (To maintain balance and posture)
33
Q

Cerebellum in real life

and why this happens

A

Musicians and sportsmen often have enlarged cerebellum
(Because they spend many hours practicing and fine tuning a particular skill)

WHY: cerebellum ensure the precision and timing of complex muscle movements

34
Q

What isthe medulla oblongata

A

An extension of the spinal chord

35
Q

How is the medulla oblongata different to the rest of the brain

A

Grey matter in inside and white matter on outside

Grey matter still arranged in H shaped

36
Q

Explain why it is possible for the left cerebral hemisphere can control effectors on the RHS of body

A 
Motor fibres (From the cererum) 
cross over medulla oblongata
37
Q

List the 2 functions of the medulla oblongata

A
  1. Transmsits nerve impulses between CNS and PNS

2. Controls autonomic functions

38
Q

List 45Autonomic functions that the medulla oblongata controls

A
  1. Rate and depth of breathing
  2. Heartbeat
  3. Vasomotor activity (vasocontriction and vasodialation – widening and narrowing of blood vessels)
  4. Peristalsis and vomiting
  5. NON VITAL: sneezing coughing eye blinking
39
Q

Hypothalamus general functions

A

Vital processes like hunger, thirst sleep, self defense

40
Q

list structure and basic main function of the 3c’s in the brain

A

Cerebrum: Higher mental function, sensation, origin of voluntary action
Corpus callosum: bridge for communication
Cerebellum: muscle tone, control voluntary action

41
Q

Describe the location of the spinal chord

A

Extends from the medulla oblongata
through the spinal canal of the vertebral column
to the lumbar region

42
Q

How is the spinal cord protecteted

A

By 3 meninges
The vertebral column
Cerebrospinal fluid

43
Q

Describe the central canal in the spinal cord

Runs through centre of spinal cord

A

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

From the cerebral ventricle in the medulla oblongata

44
Q

Describe the grey matter in the spinal cord

A

Inside
Forms an H shape
‘Points’ known as dorsal and ventral horns

45
Q

Describe the white matter in the spinal chord

A

Outside

Contains myelinated nerve fibres that extend to and from the brain

46
Q

What is in the dorsal root in the spinal cord

where do nerve fibres enter the the spinal cord

A

Sensory afferent neuron (conduct to CNS)

enter : at dorsal horn of grey matter

47
Q

What occurs at ganglion

A

swelling of the dorsal root

The cell bodies of sensory neurons occur

48
Q

What is in the ventral root in the spinal cord

A

The motor/efferent neurons (conduct away from brain)

49
Q

What is in the ventral horn of grey matter

A

Dendrites
cell bodies of motor neurons
(while axons exit the spinal cord in the ventral root)

50
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots join just outside the spinal cord to form…

A

A mixed spinal nerve

51
Q

Where do nerves enter and exit the spinal cord

A

Between successive vertebrae

52
Q

What is the difference betwene a tract and a nerve

A

Tract: bundle of nerves fibres in CNS
Nerve: bundle of nerve fibres in PNS

53
Q

List 2 fucntions of the spinal chord

A
  1. Provides a pathway for nerve impulses to and form the brain
  2. SC contains reflex centres that initiate reflex actions
54
Q

Are all the nerve impulses from the brian conducted via SC

A

No,

Many leave the brain via the cranial nerves (12 pairs) that control the different parts of the head

55
Q

Describe the two different grooves in the spinal chord

A

Dorsal : deep and narrow groove

Ventral : shallow and wide groove

Life Science (6 decks)

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