Nervous System 2 (CNS and PNS)

Question 1

3 main functions of CNS

2 mini one major

Answer 1

Receive nerve impulses
INTERPRET AND PROCESS THE INFO
Transmit beck to receptors

Question 2

Vertebral column

Answer 2

Bone tissue
33 vertebrae
vertebral canal inside

Question 3

Vertebral canal

Answer 3

Encloses the spinal cord

inside vertebral columns

Question 4

Function of cartilaginous discs between vertebrae and s-shape

Answer 4

Shock absorption

Makes vertebral column more flexible

Question 5

What are meninges

Answer 5

Cerebral membranes that

Envelope the brain

Question 6

list 3 meninges

Answer 6

1. Pia mater
   1B cerebrospinal fluit
2. Arachnoid membrane
3. Dura mater

Question 7

Pia mater

Answer 7

Innermost membrane
Tightly wrapped around brain and spinal cord
Rich in blood vessels (there provide: oxygen, nutrients) to CNS

Question 8

Arachnoid membrane

Answer 8

A thin membrane

Between pia mater and dura mater

Question 9

Dura mater

Answer 9

Tough outermost membrane

Lines skull cavity and spinal cord notes

Question 10

5 functions of cerebrospinal fluids

Answer 10

1 Acts as absorber

2. supply neurons with nutrients and oxygen
3. removes his waste
4. prevents dehydration of neurons
5. Maintains constant pressure around CNS

Question 11

grey matter

Answer 11

Consist of Darker cell bodies

dendrites of neurons

Question 12

white matter

Answer 12

Consists of myelinated axons

appear white due to fatty myelin sheaths that enclose the axons

Question 13

In the spinal cord the —– matter on the inside and the —– matter on the outside

Answer 13

inside: grey (H- shaped)
Outside: white

Question 14

In the brain the —– matter on the inside and the —– matter on the outside

Answer 14

Inside: white matter

Outside : grey matter

Question 15

“Definition” of brain … location

Answer 15

The enlarged

upper part of spinal cord

Question 16

What forms the largest part of the brain

Answer 16

The cerebrum

Question 17

What is the cerebral cortex

Answer 17

The outer layer of the cerebrum
Consisting of grey matter

White matter inside cerebral cortex

Question 18

Describe how the cerebral cortex looks and function

Answer 18

Folds called gyri
Grooves called sulci

Function: enlarge surface area of brain (brain surface)

Question 19

What divides the cerebrum into halves/ cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 19

A deep longitudinal fissure (groove)

Question 20

Name the 4 lobes of the cerbrum

Answer 20

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital

Question 21

What partially connects teh 2 hemispheres to each other

Answer 21

A layer of white matter

— the corpus callosum

Question 22

What are the 4 cerebral ventricles

Answer 22

Cavities in the brain

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 23

Name and explain the 3 functions of the cerebrum

Answer 23

1. Origin of all voluntary action
   (walking jumping speech)
2. Receives and interprets nerve impulses
   (from sense organs where the sensations (of stimuli) arise)
   3.Seat of higher mental function
   (memory, intelligence, imagination, emotion planning, thought, power of judgement)

Question 24

What is the corpus callosum

Answer 24

a C-shaped structure
between the two cerebral hemispheres

Largest bundles of nerve fibres in the brain (over 200 million axons)

Question 25

What does the corpus callosum consist of and why

Answer 25

White matter | Made up of a bundle of axons that connect two halves

Question 26

Name and explain 2 functions of the corpus callosum

Answer 26

1. Conduct impulses between two cerebral hemispheres | 2. Forms a bridge for communication between 2 hemispheres (To coordinate processes)

Question 27

Where is the cerebellum situated

Answer 27

Behind and below the cerebrum

Question 28

Define vermis

Answer 28

The worm like mass of nerve tissue | Connecting 2 hemispheres of cerebellum

Question 29

How does the surface (the grooves) of the cerebellum differ to that of the cerebrum

Answer 29

More shallow | More Parallel

Question 30

How is the white matter uniquely arranged in the cerebellum

Answer 30

Like a branched tree | Abor vitae

Question 31

What is arbor vitae

Answer 31

The latin term for Tree of Life

Question 32

List the 2 functions of the cerebellum

Answer 32

1. Coordinated and controls all voluntary actions (Makes precise smooth movement possible) 2. Controls muscle tone / tension in the muscles (To maintain balance and posture)

Question 33

Cerebellum in real life | and why this happens

Answer 33

Musicians and sportsmen often have enlarged cerebellum (Because they spend many hours practicing and fine tuning a particular skill) WHY: cerebellum ensure the precision and timing of complex muscle movements

Question 34

What isthe medulla oblongata

Answer 34

An extension of the spinal chord

Question 35

How is the medulla oblongata different to the rest of the brain

Answer 35

Grey matter in inside and white matter on outside | Grey matter still arranged in H shaped

Question 36

Explain why it is possible for the left cerebral hemisphere can control effectors on the RHS of body

Answer 36

``` Motor fibres (From the cererum) cross over medulla oblongata ```

Question 37

List the 2 functions of the medulla oblongata

Answer 37

1. Transmsits nerve impulses between CNS and PNS | 2. Controls autonomic functions

Question 38

List 45Autonomic functions that the medulla oblongata controls

Answer 38

1. Rate and depth of breathing 2. Heartbeat 3. Vasomotor activity (vasocontriction and vasodialation -- widening and narrowing of blood vessels) 4. Peristalsis and vomiting 5. NON VITAL: sneezing coughing eye blinking

Question 39

Hypothalamus general functions

Answer 39

Vital processes like hunger, thirst sleep, self defense

Question 40

list structure and basic main function of the 3c's in the brain

Answer 40

Cerebrum: Higher mental function, sensation, origin of voluntary action Corpus callosum: bridge for communication Cerebellum: muscle tone, control voluntary action

Question 41

Describe the location of the spinal chord

Answer 41

Extends from the medulla oblongata through the spinal canal of the vertebral column to the lumbar region

Question 42

How is the spinal cord protecteted

Answer 42

By 3 meninges The vertebral column Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 43

Describe the central canal in the spinal cord | Runs through centre of spinal cord

Answer 43

filled with cerebrospinal fluid | From the cerebral ventricle in the medulla oblongata

Question 44

Describe the grey matter in the spinal cord

Answer 44

Inside Forms an H shape 'Points' known as dorsal and ventral horns

Question 45

Describe the white matter in the spinal chord

Answer 45

Outside | Contains myelinated nerve fibres that extend to and from the brain

Question 46

What is in the dorsal root in the spinal cord | where do nerve fibres enter the the spinal cord

Answer 46

Sensory afferent neuron (conduct to CNS) | enter : at dorsal horn of grey matter

Question 47

What occurs at ganglion

Answer 47

swelling of the dorsal root | The cell bodies of sensory neurons occur

Question 48

What is in the ventral root in the spinal cord

Answer 48

The motor/efferent neurons (conduct away from brain)

Question 49

What is in the ventral horn of grey matter

Answer 49

Dendrites cell bodies of motor neurons (while axons exit the spinal cord in the ventral root)

Question 50

Dorsal and ventral roots join just outside the spinal cord to form...

Answer 50

A mixed spinal nerve

Question 51

Where do nerves enter and exit the spinal cord

Answer 51

Between successive vertebrae

Question 52

What is the difference betwene a tract and a nerve

Answer 52

Tract: bundle of nerves fibres in CNS Nerve: bundle of nerve fibres in PNS

Question 53

List 2 fucntions of the spinal chord

Answer 53

1. Provides a pathway for nerve impulses to and form the brain 2. SC contains reflex centres that initiate reflex actions

Question 54

Are all the nerve impulses from the brian conducted via SC

Answer 54

No, | Many leave the brain via the cranial nerves (12 pairs) that control the different parts of the head

Question 55

Describe the two different grooves in the spinal chord

Answer 55

Dorsal : deep and narrow groove | Ventral : shallow and wide groove