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Life Science > Nervous System 1 (Basic mechanisms) > Flashcards

Nervous System 1 (Basic mechanisms) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stimulus

A

Any internal or external environmental change

to which an organism responds

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2
Q

Examples of stimuli

A

Light, sound, taste

touch —> pressure, temperature, chemicals

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3
Q

PNS

A

Conducts nerve impulses to and from CNS
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

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4
Q

Receptors

A

Detect stimulus

Convert into nerve impulse

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5
Q

Function of CNS in geeneral process of reaction

A

Process and integrate information

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6
Q

Effectors and 2 examples

A

Organs that respond to stimuli physically when given information “command” from CNS
e.g.) muscles and glands

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7
Q

Neurons

A
  • Nerve cells
  • Conduct nerve impulses from one part of body to another
  • Structural units of the nervous system
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8
Q

Neuroglia and function

A

Nerve cell glue
Connective tissue

Function: Nourishment and support

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9
Q

Cell body consists of

A

Porminent nucleas
Dark granule
Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Nissl granules

A

Rich in RNA

Involved in protein synthesis

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11
Q

Nerve fibres

A

Outgrowths of neurons

-Axons and dendrites

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12
Q

Terminal branches

A

Formed by axon
Bunched branches
Synaptic knobs at tips

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13
Q

Schwann cells

A

Specialized cells
Spirally coil or wrap themselves around axon
Form myelin sheath (‘exude’ fatty protein myelin from cell membrane)

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14
Q

Myelin sheath and functions

A

White fatty tissue

Functions:

  • insulates
  • accelerates the transmission of nerve impulses
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15
Q

Nodes of Ranvier and function

A

Gaps between adjacent Schwann cells

Function: accelerate transmission of nerve impulses from one node to another

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16
Q

Neurilemma and function

A

Outermost membrane of myelin sheath

Function: Essential for repair/regeneration of damaged neurons

17
Q

Unmyelinated fibres

A

Not surrounded by a myelin sheath

Cannot be repaired or regenerated (applies to myelinated axons of CNS)

18
Q

3 types of structural classification of neurons and short definition

A
  1. Unipolar
    One outgrowth that branches into two

2.Bipolar
2 outgrowths: Dendrite and axon
Rare in adult humans (ear, eye retina, nose)

3.Multipolar
Many outgorwths - dandrites
1 axon

19
Q

3 types of functional classification of neurons and short definition

A 
1. Sensory neuron
Afferent neurons (conduct impulses TOWARDS CNS)
2.Motor neuron
Efferent neuron(conduct impulses FROM CNS)

3.Interneuron
connector neuron
INSIDE CNS

20
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small gap
That separates successive neurons
Ensures that neurons are never in direct contact with one another.

21
Q

Synapse

A

Physiological / functional connection

Formed in synaptic cleft

22
Q

Why are impulses termed electrochemical impulses

A

Electrical: Electric signal transmitted along neurons
Chemical: carried across synapse via a chemical

23
Q

What do synaptic vesicles do at the synapse

A

Carry neurotransmitters
Nerve impulses cause them to burst at surface
Release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

24
Q

Pre-synaptic membrane

vice versa for post

A

Borders synaptic knob on axon side of synaptic cleft

opp: on dendrite side

25
Q

Name 2 neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

26
Q

Purpose of mitochondria in synaptic knob

A

Supply energy for transmission

27
Q

Significance of synapses

Give 3

A
  1. (1D) Ensure all stimuli move in one direction
    Neurotransmitter can only be released/accepted by only one side
  2. (Target organs) Can affect more than one organ with a single stimuli
  3. (Overload)
    Synapse filters out insignificant (feet) and weak stimuli,
28
Q

Where nerves located… exception?

A

Most nerves protected deep in body tissue
Exception: funny bone
Exposed ulnar nerve —> peculiar tingling sensation tingeling

29
Q

Endoneruium

A

Thin layer connective tissue

Separates and surrounds individual nerve fibres

30
Q

perineurium

A

Bundles of nerve fibres that are bound together with no connective motion

31
Q

Epineruem

A

Dense sheathe of connective tissue

Surround number of nerve bundles to form a single nerve

32
Q

purpose of blood vessels

A

Provide fibre, oxygen, nutrients

Remove waste done by blood system

33
Q

Discuss difference in terms of myelin sheath of motor and sensory neurons

A

Sensory : Myelin sheath on both dendrite and axon

Motor : Myelin sheath only on axon

34
Q

DIscuss polarity of the 3 different types of neurons

A

Sensory : Unipolar (mostly)

Motor and inter: multlipolar

Life Science (6 decks)

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