Nervous System

Question 1

What is the Nervous system made up of?

Answer 1

CNS
PNS

Question 2

What is the CNS made up of?

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What is the PNS made up of?

Answer 3

Everything else
(Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, receptors)

Question 4

What are 3 functions of the nervous system?

Answer 4

1.) sensory ( afferent) -conduct impulses away from sensory structures towards CNS
2.) integrative-occurs in brain and spinal cord
3.) motor ( efferent)- carries impulses away from CNS toward PNS. initiates muscle contraction or glad secretion.

Question 5

What are 2 types of Nervous Tissue?

Answer 5

1.) Neuroglia ( support cells)
2.) Neurons ( nerve cells)

Question 6

List 4 subcategories of Neuroglia and a brief description of their function

Answer 6

1.) Astrocytes: support and protect neurons. Help form blood brain barrier
2.) microglia: the immune system of CNS. Has phagocytes
3.) Oligodendrocytes + Schwann: lay down myelin around axon to speed up impulses
4.) Ependymal: produce cerebral spinal fluid.

Question 7

What are the gaps in the myelin called? what are they for?

Answer 7

Nodes of Ranvier.
To make impulses travel faster ( jump)

Question 8

How are Neurons categorized?

Answer 8

1.) structure
2.) function

Question 9

List the functional classifications of neurons

Answer 9

1.) afferent: transmit toward the CNS
2.) interneuron: integrate within CNS
3.) Efferent: away from CNS

Question 10

What are the structural classifications for neuron types?

Answer 10

1.) multipolar: somatic and autonomic neurons, mainly in CNS ( many dendrite, one axon)
2.) Bipolar: one dendrite one axon, found in retina, inner ear and olfactory part of brain
3.) unipolar: one process emerging from cell body. Always somatic sensory neurons

Question 11

Sensory receptors are classified by what two categories?

Answer 11

1.) location
2.) stimulus

Question 12

What are 3 classifications of sensory receptors based on location?

Answer 12

1.) exteroreceptors-determine stimuli
2.) interoreceptors-detect internal stimuli
3.) propioceptors- “ones own”

Question 13

What are the 5 types of exteroreceptors?

Answer 13

1.) touch receptors: corpuscles, meissner, hair root plexuses
2.) pressure receptors: pacinian ( or laminated) corpuscles
3.) vibration receptors: meissner + pacinian
4.) Thermal receptors
5.) nociceptors: pain receptors

Question 14

What are the 2 types of interoreceptors?

Answer 14

1.) baroreceptors: detect stretch
2.) chemoreceptors: detect chemical changes

Question 15

What are the 3 types of proprioceptors?

Answer 15

Locate in mm tendons, joints and inner ear. Detect body position and movement

1.) muscle spindle:detect stretch of a muscle
2.) Golgi tendon organ: give info to CNS regarding force of contraction or tension
3.) joint kinaesthetic receptors: acceleration/deceleration of joint/pain

Question 16

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors classified by stimulus?

Answer 16

1.) mechanoreceptors ( touch, stretch, pressure, vibration, hearing,, blood pressure etc.)
2.) thermoreceptors: temperature
3.) nociceptors: physical or chemical damage to tissue
4.) photoreceptors: light
5.) chemoreceptors: detects chemicals in mouth nose or body fluid ( ie blood ph etc)

Question 17

What makes up white matter?

Answer 17

Myelinated axons

Question 18

What makes up grey matter?

Answer 18

Nerve cell bodies
Dendrites
Axon terminals
Unmyelenated axons

Question 19

How is the white/grey matter organized in the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 19

Brain: outer grey matter, inner white matter
SC: Inner grey matter, inner white matter

Question 20

What is the function of the spinal cord? what are the 2 types of reflexes of the spinal cord?

Answer 20

Integrates and relays information.
1.) Somatic reflex
2.) Autonomic reflex

Question 21

Define reflex

Answer 21

Fast automatic preprogrammed response to a stimuli

Question 22

What is the difference between a somatic and autonomic reflex?

Answer 22

1.) somatic: external stimulus, effectors are skeletal muscle
2.) autonomic reflex: internal stimulus, effectors are smooth muscle and glands

Question 23

What are meninges? List the 3 layers.

Answer 23

3 protective connective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord

1.) dura matter: tough superficial layer
2.) arachnoid: middle layer ( cerebrospinal fluid is found beneath)
3.) Pia matter: delicate layer with capillaries adhered to brains surface

Question 24

What are the 4 parts of the brain?

Answer 24

1.) cerebrum
2.) diencephalon
3.) cerebellum
4.) brain stem

Question 25

What does the diecephalon contain?

Answer 25

Contains the thalamus ( which is the relay station)
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

Question 26

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

Answer 26

1.) brain stem: connects spinal cord to brain
2.) Pons
3.) medulla oblongata

Question 27

What is the cerebellum in control of?

Answer 27

Unconcious control of hand eye coordination

Question 28

What disorder might you see with the degeneration of the hippocampus?

Answer 28

Alzheimer’s

Question 29

What disorder might you see with the degeneration of the basal ganglia?

Answer 29

Parkinson’s

Question 30

What is the lambic system in charge of? Where is it located?

Answer 30

The emotional brain.
Found in the cerebrum

Question 31

Where would you find the lobes of the brain ( frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)?
What is each lobe responsible for?

Answer 31

Cerebral cortex of the cerebrum

1.) frontal: thinking and reasoning
2.) parietal: language
3.) temporal: language, hearing, smell
4.) occipital: visual stimuli

Question 32

Where is the amygdala located?

Answer 32

The lambic system within the cerebrum

Question 33

What 4 important things are located within the cerebrum?

Answer 33

1.) cerebral cortex ( frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes)
2.) inner white matter ( includes corpus callosum)
3.) basal ganglia ( large automatic mm mvmt)
4.) lambic system ( emotional brain. Contains hippocampus and amygdala)

Question 34

How many pairs of nerves do you have in the spinal cord? Can you break them down?

Answer 34

31 pairs.

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Question 35

What are the 3 sections of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 35

1.) somatic
2.) autonomic
3.) enteric

Question 36

What type of neurons are in the somatic nervous system and what do they do? Are these voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 36

1.) somatic sensory neurons
2.) somatic motor neurons

1.) Sensory neurons convey info from sensory organs to CNS
2.) motor neurons convey into to skeletal muscles only

VOLUNTARY

Question 37

What are the neurons of the autonomic nervous system and what do they do? Are these voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 37

1.) visceral sensory neurons
2.) visceral motor neurons

1.) sensory neurons conduct info from receptors of internal organs to CNS
2.) motor neurons conduct impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.

INVOLUNTARY

Question 38

The autonomic nervous system can be further broken down into what two categories?

Answer 38

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS.

Sympathetic: fight/flight
Parasympathetic: rest/digest

Question 39

What is the enteric nervous system and what does it do?

Answer 39

The brain of the gut.

Monitors stretching of the gut lining and stimulates smooth muscle contractions and innervated glands.