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Anatomy Exam 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

a functional cell of the nervous system

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2
Q

multipolar neurons

A

cell body is located where input excitation occurs

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3
Q

unipolar neurons

A

cell body is located along axon in spinal ganglion

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4
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons ensheathed by supporting cells and enveloped by connective tissue

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5
Q

root

A

nerve adjacent to CNS, enveloped by meninges (dorsal and ventral roots in vertebral canal)

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6
Q

ganglion

A

localized site where a nerve is enlarged due to a collection of cell bodies

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7
Q

spinal ganglia

A

contain unipolar cell bodies on dorsal root of spinal nerve

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8
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

contain multipolar cell bodies that innervate viscera

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9
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves attached to brain
36 pairs of spinal nerves attached to spinal cord

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11
Q

what combines to form the spinal nerve?

A

the dorsal and ventral roots

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12
Q

where is the spinal nerve located?

A

within the intervertebral foramen dorsal to the intervertebral disc

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13
Q

dorsal root

A

afferent (sensory) axons and the site of the spinal ganglion

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14
Q

ventral root

A

efferent axons that innervate muscle and glands

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15
Q

what are the four primary branches of the spinal nerve?

A
  1. meningeal branch
  2. ramus communicans
  3. ventral branch
  4. dorsal branch
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16
Q

meningeal branch of spinal nerve

A

small sensory branch to meninges

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17
Q

ramus communicans (branch of spinal nerve)

A

connects to sympathetic trunk and innervates viscera

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18
Q

ventral branch of spinal nerve

A

largest, innervates hypaxial muscle and becomes lateral and ventral cutaneous nerves

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19
Q

dorsal branch of spinal nerve

A

has medial and lateral branches
innervates epaxial muscles
becomes dorsal cutaneous nerves

20
Q

afferent fiber types

A

sensory

associated with receptors and unipolar cell bodies in spinal ganglia

21
Q

GSA

A

general somatic afferent

sensory receptors in skin, muscle, tendon, and joints

22
Q

GVA

A

general visceral afferent

sensory receptors in viscera

23
Q

efferent fiber types

A

motor
innervates muscles and glands
cell bodies located in spinal cord or some autonomic ganglia

24
Q

SE

A 
somatic efferent (motor)
innervates skeletal muscle
25
Q

VE

A

visceral efferent

innervates glands, cardiac and smooth muscle

26
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system, operates on subconscious level
visceral efferent pathway of 2 multipolar neurons with first cell body in CNS and second in autonomic ganglion (sometimes visceral afferent included as well though has only 1 neuron in pathway)

27
Q

cutaneous innervation of neck

A

dorsal cu. n. from dorsal branch of spinal nerve and ventral cu. n. from ventral branch of spinal nerve

28
Q

cutaneous innervation of thorax

A

dorsal cu. n. from dorsal branch of spinal nerve

lateral and ventral cu. n. from ventral branch of spinal nerve

29
Q

cutaneous innervation of limbs

A

named cutaneous branches of regional nerves from brachial or lumbosacral nerve plexuses

30
Q

cutaneous innervation of the face

A

named branches of cranial nerves (from brain)

31
Q

cutaneous innervation of abdomen

A

dorsal cu. n. from dorsal branch of spinal nerve

lateral cu. n. from ventral branch of spinal nerve

32
Q

what creates the nerve plexus of each limb?

A

there are multiple myotomes per muscle so the ventral branches of different spinal nerves combine to form regional nerves which innervate a single muscle

33
Q

preganglionic neuron (VE)

A

cell body in CNS, synapses in autonomic ganglia

releases acetylcholine

34
Q

postganglionic neuron (VE)

A

cell body in autonomic ganglia, axon innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
releases acetylcholine or norepinephrine

35
Q

sympathetic division of ANS

A

distributed across whole body
preganglion in thoracolumbar spinal cord
adrenergic (releases norepinephrine/noradrenalin)
“fight or flight” function

36
Q

parasympathetic division of ANS

A

distributed in viscera and head
preganglion in sacral spinal cord and brainstem
cholinergic (releases acetylcholine)
routine visceral functions

37
Q

vagus nerve (parasympathetic pathway)

A

cranial nerve X
innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera
preganglion branches travel to organs, synapse at terminal ganglia in organs, postganglia travel in submucosal and myenteric plexuses to target

38
Q

sacral spinal cord (parasympathetic pathway)

A 
innervates pelvic viscera
Very Soon, Very Soon, Pee Pee
preganglion: Ventral root, Spinal nerve, Ventral branch, Sacral plexus, Pelvic nerve
synapse: Pelvic plexus or organ
postganglion: branches to pelvic viscera
39
Q

Common beginning of Sympathetic pathways

A

V S R S

ventral root, spinal n., ramus communicans, sympathetic trunk

40
Q

sympathetic pathway of head region

A

AC / C / C

ansa subclavian, cervical sympathetic trunk, cranial cervical ganglion, plexuses follow carotid artery

41
Q

sympathetic pathway of neck region

A

C / VRC

cericothoracic ganglion, vertebral n., rammi communicantes, cervical spinal n.

42
Q

sympathetic pathway of body wall, limbs, and tail

A

S / RS

sympathetic trunk ganglion, rammi communicantes, spinal n.

43
Q

sympathetic pathway of thoracic viscera

A 
2 GANG / CAV
2 ganglia (cervicothoracic and middle cervical), cardiosympathetic trunk from ansa subclavian, branches run along vagus n.
44
Q

sympathetic pathway of abdominal viscera

A

S / C CCM / A

splanchnic n., celiac g., cranial and caudal mesenteric g., plexuses on abdominal arteries

45
Q

sympathetic pathway of pelvic viscera

A

LS / CM / HPP

lumbar splanchnic n., caudal mesenteric g., hypogastric n., pelvic plexus, pelvic viscera

Anatomy Exam 2 (6 decks)

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