Nervous System

Question 1

neuron

Answer 1

a functional cell of the nervous system

Question 2

multipolar neurons

Answer 2

cell body is located where input excitation occurs

Question 3

unipolar neurons

Answer 3

cell body is located along axon in spinal ganglion

Question 4

nerve

Answer 4

bundle of axons ensheathed by supporting cells and enveloped by connective tissue

Question 5

root

Answer 5

nerve adjacent to CNS, enveloped by meninges (dorsal and ventral roots in vertebral canal)

Question 6

ganglion

Answer 6

localized site where a nerve is enlarged due to a collection of cell bodies

Question 7

spinal ganglia

Answer 7

contain unipolar cell bodies on dorsal root of spinal nerve

Question 8

autonomic ganglia

Answer 8

contain multipolar cell bodies that innervate viscera

Question 9

CNS

Answer 9

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Question 10

PNS

Answer 10

peripheral nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves attached to brain
36 pairs of spinal nerves attached to spinal cord

Question 11

what combines to form the spinal nerve?

Answer 11

the dorsal and ventral roots

Question 12

where is the spinal nerve located?

Answer 12

within the intervertebral foramen dorsal to the intervertebral disc

Question 13

dorsal root

Answer 13

afferent (sensory) axons and the site of the spinal ganglion

Question 14

ventral root

Answer 14

efferent axons that innervate muscle and glands

Question 15

what are the four primary branches of the spinal nerve?

Answer 15

1. meningeal branch
2. ramus communicans
3. ventral branch
4. dorsal branch

Question 16

meningeal branch of spinal nerve

Answer 16

small sensory branch to meninges

Question 17

ramus communicans (branch of spinal nerve)

Answer 17

connects to sympathetic trunk and innervates viscera

Question 18

ventral branch of spinal nerve

Answer 18

largest, innervates hypaxial muscle and becomes lateral and ventral cutaneous nerves

Question 19

dorsal branch of spinal nerve

Answer 19

has medial and lateral branches
innervates epaxial muscles
becomes dorsal cutaneous nerves

Question 20

afferent fiber types

Answer 20

sensory

associated with receptors and unipolar cell bodies in spinal ganglia

Question 21

GSA

Answer 21

general somatic afferent

sensory receptors in skin, muscle, tendon, and joints

Question 22

GVA

Answer 22

general visceral afferent

sensory receptors in viscera

Question 23

efferent fiber types

Answer 23

motor
innervates muscles and glands
cell bodies located in spinal cord or some autonomic ganglia

Question 24

SE

Answer 24

somatic efferent (motor)
innervates skeletal muscle

Question 25

VE

Answer 25

visceral efferent | innervates glands, cardiac and smooth muscle

Question 26

ANS

Answer 26

autonomic nervous system, operates on subconscious level visceral efferent pathway of 2 multipolar neurons with first cell body in CNS and second in autonomic ganglion (sometimes visceral afferent included as well though has only 1 neuron in pathway)

Question 27

cutaneous innervation of neck

Answer 27

dorsal cu. n. from dorsal branch of spinal nerve and ventral cu. n. from ventral branch of spinal nerve

Question 28

cutaneous innervation of thorax

Answer 28

dorsal cu. n. from dorsal branch of spinal nerve | lateral and ventral cu. n. from ventral branch of spinal nerve

Question 29

cutaneous innervation of limbs

Answer 29

named cutaneous branches of regional nerves from brachial or lumbosacral nerve plexuses

Question 30

cutaneous innervation of the face

Answer 30

named branches of cranial nerves (from brain)

Question 31

cutaneous innervation of abdomen

Answer 31

dorsal cu. n. from dorsal branch of spinal nerve | lateral cu. n. from ventral branch of spinal nerve

Question 32

what creates the nerve plexus of each limb?

Answer 32

there are multiple myotomes per muscle so the ventral branches of different spinal nerves combine to form regional nerves which innervate a single muscle

Question 33

preganglionic neuron (VE)

Answer 33

cell body in CNS, synapses in autonomic ganglia | releases acetylcholine

Question 34

postganglionic neuron (VE)

Answer 34

cell body in autonomic ganglia, axon innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands releases acetylcholine or norepinephrine

Question 35

sympathetic division of ANS

Answer 35

distributed across whole body preganglion in thoracolumbar spinal cord adrenergic (releases norepinephrine/noradrenalin) "fight or flight" function

Question 36

parasympathetic division of ANS

Answer 36

distributed in viscera and head preganglion in sacral spinal cord and brainstem cholinergic (releases acetylcholine) routine visceral functions

Question 37

vagus nerve (parasympathetic pathway)

Answer 37

cranial nerve X innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera preganglion branches travel to organs, synapse at terminal ganglia in organs, postganglia travel in submucosal and myenteric plexuses to target

Question 38

sacral spinal cord (parasympathetic pathway)

Answer 38

``` innervates pelvic viscera Very Soon, Very Soon, Pee Pee preganglion: Ventral root, Spinal nerve, Ventral branch, Sacral plexus, Pelvic nerve synapse: Pelvic plexus or organ postganglion: branches to pelvic viscera ```

Question 39

Common beginning of Sympathetic pathways

Answer 39

V S R S | ventral root, spinal n., ramus communicans, sympathetic trunk

Question 40

sympathetic pathway of head region

Answer 40

AC / C / C | ansa subclavian, cervical sympathetic trunk, cranial cervical ganglion, plexuses follow carotid artery

Question 41

sympathetic pathway of neck region

Answer 41

C / VRC | cericothoracic ganglion, vertebral n., rammi communicantes, cervical spinal n.

Question 42

sympathetic pathway of body wall, limbs, and tail

Answer 42

S / RS | sympathetic trunk ganglion, rammi communicantes, spinal n.

Question 43

sympathetic pathway of thoracic viscera

Answer 43

``` 2 GANG / CAV 2 ganglia (cervicothoracic and middle cervical), cardiosympathetic trunk from ansa subclavian, branches run along vagus n. ```

Question 44

sympathetic pathway of abdominal viscera

Answer 44

S / C CCM / A | splanchnic n., celiac g., cranial and caudal mesenteric g., plexuses on abdominal arteries

Question 45

sympathetic pathway of pelvic viscera

Answer 45

LS / CM / HPP | lumbar splanchnic n., caudal mesenteric g., hypogastric n., pelvic plexus, pelvic viscera