Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

cells of nervous tissue

A

Neuron
Neuroglial cells / Neuroglia / Glial Cells / Gliocytes

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2
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS TISSUE

A

ectoderm
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: cranial, spinal,
peripheral nerves

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3
Q

Neuron 3 main parts

A

 Cell body
 Dendrites
 Axon

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4
Q

what do you call the cell membrane of the neuronner

A

neurolemma

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5
Q

Main part from which axon & dendrites arise. it is also called perikaryon or soma.

A

cell body

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6
Q

clumps of basophilic
substance (aggregates of RER and free
polyribosomes)

A

Nissl bodies

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7
Q

nissl substance is present in axon hillock and axon

A

false

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8
Q

pale staining area of cell body

A

Axon hillock

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9
Q

▪ Relatively long, cylindrical process
▪ Arises from axon hillock & ends on effector organ or ganglia

A

Axon

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10
Q

Axon Gives off terminal branches called ____ with expanded _____ ______ ______

A

telodendron
terminal synaptic bulb

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11
Q

plasma membrane of axon?
what do you call the cytoplasm of axon?

A

axolemma
axoplasm

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12
Q

what are the processes of neurons?

A

axon
dendrites

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13
Q

also called nerve fiber

A

axon

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14
Q

2 types of axon

A

unmyelinated
myelinated

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15
Q

Surrounded by Schwann cells/oligodendrocytes wrapped
several times forming a _____

A

myelin sheath

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16
Q

Lipid-rich, insulating sheath
 Extends from the initial segments of the axon to the
terminal branches

A

myelin sheath

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17
Q

 Gaps in myelin sheath between the myelinating cells
 Myelin sheath is absent

A

nodes of ranvier

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18
Q

▪ Typically short, small processes radiating from the cell body
▪ May branch and re-branch with each branch tapering at its end
▪ All organelles are present

A

dendrites

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19
Q

Small dendritic branches have tiny projections called _____

A

dendritic spine/gemmules

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20
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERUONS (4)

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
pseudounipolar

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21
Q

 One cell body, one axon
 Found in sensory ganglia located in roots of cranial and spinal nerves

A

unipolar

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22
Q

 One dendrite and one axon; purely sensory
 Sensory neurons of the retina, the olfactory epithelium, the inner

A

bipolar

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23
Q

 Cell body gives rise to multiple branches, several dendrites, and an
axon
 Most common

A

multipolar

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24
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS BASED ON FUNCTION (3)

A

sensory neurons
interneurons
motoneurons

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25
Q

 Afferent
 Receive stimuli from receptor

A

Sensory neurons

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26
Q

Act as connectors between neurons in a chain or typically between sensory and motor
neurons within the CNS

A

Interneurons

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27
Q

 Efferent
 Send impulses from the CNS to the targets organs (e.g. muscles, glands)

A

Motoneurons

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28
Q

4 TYPES OF NEUROGLIAL CELLS IN CNS

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Ependymal cells
  4. Microglial cells / microgliocytes
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29
Q

 Smaller than astrocytes with fewer
cytoplasmic processes
 Predominant glial cells in _____
 A single oligodendrocyte can surround and
myelinate several axons

A

oligodendrocytes
white mater

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30
Q

Functions:
 Myelinates and insulates CNS axons
 Allows faster action potential propagation
along axons in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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31
Q

 Most numerous glial cells of the brain
 Most abundant glial cells in _____ matter
 Most diverse structurally and functionally

A

astrocytes
gray matter

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32
Q

Functions:
 Provide structural support to CNS
 Helps form the blood-brain barrier
 Regulates interstitial fluid composition
 Assists with neuronal development
 Replicates to occupy space of dying neurons

A

Astrocytes

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33
Q

2 types of Astrocytes

A

Fibrous astrocytes
Protoplasmic astrocytes

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34
Q

type of astrocyte With long, slender, and moderately branched processes
 Abundant in white matter

A

Fibrous astrocytes

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35
Q

type of astrocyte With many shorter and highly branched processes
 Abundant in gray matter

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

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36
Q

 Simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelial cells
 In some locations of the CNS, apical surface contain cilia
and microvilli

A

Ependymal cells

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37
Q

Functions:
Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
 Assists in production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)

A

Ependymal cells

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38
Q

 Smallest glial cells
With actively mobile processes evenly distributed
throughout gray and white matter

A

Microglial cells / microgliocytes

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39
Q

Functions:
 Phagocytic cells that move through the CNS
 Constitute the major mechanism of immune
defense in the CNS
 Protects the CNS by engulfing infectious agents and other potential harmful substances

A

Microglial cells / microgliocytes

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40
Q

2 TYPES OF NEUROGLIAL CELLS IN PNS

A

Amphicytes
Schwann cells (aka Neurolemmocytes)

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41
Q

 Derived from the embryonic neural crest
 Surround the neurons of PNS ganglia

A

Satellite glial cells (aka Amphicytes)

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42
Q

Functions:
 Electrically insulates PNS cell bodies
 Regulates nutrient and waste exchange for
cell bodies in ganglia

A

Satellite glial cells (aka Amphicytes)

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43
Q

 Derived from the embryonic neural crest
 Surround peripheral nerve fibers

A

Schwann cells (aka Neurolemmocytes)

44
Q

Functions:
 Surround and insulate PNS axons and
myelinate those having large diameters
or enclose unmyelinated axons
 Allows for faster action potential
propagation along an axon in the PNS

A

Schwann cells (aka Neurolemmocytes)

45
Q

Associated structures of CNS (3)

A

 Meninges
 Choroid plexus
 Cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

BRAIN
 Abundant neuronal cell bodies, dendrites,
astrocytes, microglial cells
 Contain a meshwork of axonal, dendritic, and glial
processes (neuropil)
 Unmyelinated axons
Where most synapses occur

A

Outer: Gray matter

47
Q

 Main component: mostly myelinated nerve fibers
 Some unmyelinated axons
 Oligodendrocytes

A

Inner: White matter

48
Q

 Gray matter folded into gyri and
sulci
 Gyri = ridge
 Sulci = fissures
 Composed of 6 layers

A

cerebrum Cortex

49
Q

layers of cerebral cortex (6)

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. External granular layer
  3. External pyramidal layer
  4. Internal granular layer
  5. Internal pyramidal layer
  6. Multiform layer
50
Q

 Horizontal cells of Cajal, cell processes, neuroglia

A
  1. Molecular layer
51
Q

 Mostly tightly packed granule (stellate) cells,
neuroglial cells

A

External granular layer

52
Q

Large pyramidal cells
 Increasingly larger from external to internal
border
 Granule (stellate) cells, neuroglial cells

A

External pyramidal layer

53
Q

Thin layer; closely arranged small granule cells,
some pyramidal cells, and neuroglia
Greatest cell density of the cerebral cortex

A

Internal granular layer

54
Q

Medium and large pyramidal cells, neuroglia
 Lowest cell density

A

Internal pyramidal layer

55
Q

 Cells of various shapes (many are fusiform),
Martinotti cells, neuroglia

A

Multiform layer

56
Q

CEREBELLUM 3 layers

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. Purkinje cell layer
  3. Granular layer
57
Q

 Directly below the pia mater
 Predominantly composed of neuropil
 Dendrites of Purkinje cells
 Scattered neuronal cell bodies
 Stellate cells, basket cells

A

cerebellum molecular layer

58
Q

 Single layer
Large, flask-shaped

A

Purkinje cell layer

59
Q

 Deepest layer
 Various very small, densely packed neurons (including granule cells)
Little neuropil
_______ (cerebellar islands)
 Mainly represent areas of synapses on granule cell dendrites

A

Granular layer
Glomeruli

60
Q

 Primarily ascending and descending tracts of myelinated nerve fibers

A

Outer: White matter of SPINAL CORD

61
Q

 Interneuron
 Projection neuron
 Efferent neuron

A

Inner: Gray matter of spinal cord

62
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord has 2 parts called

A

Dorsal horn - posterior gray horn/column
Ventral horn - anterior gray horn/column

63
Q

Spinal cord parts (3)

A

outer white matter
inner white matter
central canal

64
Q

Lined by ependymal cells
 Represents the lumen of original neural tube

A

Central canal

65
Q

Connective tissue coverings of the brain
and spinal cord

A

MENINGES

66
Q

meninges 3 layers

A

 Dura mater
 Arachnoid
 Pia mater

67
Q

Outermost
Dense irregular CT
Closely apposed in adult

A

DURA MATER

68
Q

does not adhere
to the walls of the vertebral canal

A

Spinal dura mater

69
Q

2 layers of dura mater

A

Periosteal dura mater (outer)
Meningeal dura mater (inner)

70
Q

 Between dura mater and bony walls of vertebral canal

A

Epidural space

71
Q

 Between dura and arachnoid
 Considered “potential space”
 Appear only as aftermath of injury

A

Subdural space

72
Q

Intermediate layer
Avascular but the blood vessels course
through it

A

ARACHNOID

73
Q

2 regions of arachnoid

A

Flat, sheet-like membrane
Deeper, gossamer-like region
(Arachnoid trabeculae)

74
Q

region of arachnoid in contact with dura

A

Flat, sheet-like membrane

75
Q

region of arachnoid with Modified fibroblasts

A

Deeper, gossamer-like region
(Arachnoid trabeculae)

76
Q

Innermost layer of meninges

A

PIA MATER

77
Q

 Intimately associated with the brain,
following closely all of its contour
 Consists of flattened, mesenchymally-derived cells
 Separated from neural tissue by
neuroglial cells

A

pia mater

78
Q

Highly vascular tissue
Elaborately folded and projecting into the large ventricles of the brain
Found in lateral, third, and fourth ventricles of the brain
Produces CSF

A

CHOROID PLEXUS

79
Q

Clear, colorless fluid
Protect the brain and spinal cord
Brings nutrients to nourish brain cells
Removes metabolites that enter the ____ from the brain cells
Provides an optimal chemical environment for neuronal functions and impulse
conduction

A

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

80
Q

Set of neurons and fibers outside the CNS

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

81
Q

Functions:
 Detect changes and cause actions
 Very limited capacity to process information

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

82
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) in anatomically divided into

A

 Cranial nerves
 Spinal nerves

83
Q

PNS is functionally divided into

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)

84
Q

Receives and transmits impulses to the CNS for processing

A

Sensory (afferent)

85
Q

Originates in the CNS and transmits impulses to effector organs throughout
the body

A

Motor (efferent)

86
Q

Motor component of PNS is subdivided into

A

Somatic
Autonomic

87
Q

 Impulses originating in the CNS are transmitted directly
 Via single neuron to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

88
Q

 Impulses from CNS → autonomic ganglion, via one neuron
 A second neuron: originating in the autonomic ganglion then transmits the
impulses to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, or glands

A

Autonomic

89
Q

Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
90
Q

 Also called the thoracolumbar division
 Efferent fibers originate from the neurons in the gray column of the thoracic
and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

A
  1. Sympathetic
91
Q

 Craniosacral
Nerve fibers originate from neurons in the brain stem (nuclei of cranial
nerves III, VII, IX, X an XI) and the sacral segment of the spinal cord

A
  1. Parasympathetic
92
Q

Enlargement formed by enlargement formed by a group of nerve cell bodies outside CNS

A

GANGLION

93
Q

Ganglion is divided into

A
  1. Sensory ganglia
  2. Motor ganglia
94
Q

 Formed by cell bodies of afferent neurons
 Contain cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons

A
  1. Sensory ganglia
95
Q

ganglion Associated with autonomic NS

A

Motor ganglia

96
Q

motor ganglia is divided into

A

a. Sympathetic ganglia
b. Parasympathetic ganglia

97
Q

lie parallel to spinal cord
 Smaller than sensory ganglia
 Mainly multipolar neurons

A

Sympathetic ganglia

98
Q

Extramural or intramural ganglia of visceral organs

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

99
Q

nerve plexus of visceral organs (e.g. Auerbach’s plexus in T. muscularis of intestine)

A

*Intramural ganglia

100
Q

Dendritic zones of afferent neurons; receive sensations

A

AFFERENT NERVE ENDINGS

101
Q

AFFERENT NERVE ENDINGS are divided into

A
  1. Nonencapsulated
  2. Encapsulated
102
Q

 Free nerve endings
 Hair follicle terminals
Nonencapsulated tactile corpuscles

A

. Nonencapsulated afferent nerve endings

103
Q

Encapsulated afferent nerve ending have 3 structures. what are they

A

 Meissner’s corpuscle
 Pacinian corpuscle
Neurotendinous spindles

104
Q

largest encapsulated
nerve ending

A

Pacinian corpuscle

105
Q

– located at muscle–
tendon junctions and are activated by tension

A

neurotendinous spindle

106
Q

dermal papillae of hairless skin

A

 Meissner’s corpuscle

107
Q

explain the regeneration of nervous cells

A

The complexity and distances of the neuronal and glial interconnections with
the CNS make regeneration and restoration of function within this tissue after
major injury very difficult