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VETA 65 LEC 2nd Exam > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
2 Components

A

 Blood vascular system (cardiovascular system)
Lymphatic vascular system

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2
Q

Serves as the transportation system for various metabolites and nutrients in the body

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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3
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
components (4)

A
  1. Heart
  2. Arteries
  3. Capillaries
  4. Veins
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4
Q

 Muscular organ that pumps blood into two separated circuits

A

Heart

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5
Q

Two circuits of the Heart and their function

A

 Pulmonary circuit – to the lungs
 Systemic circuit – to the tissues

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6
Q

 Contracts to force blood to move through the system

A

Heart

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7
Q

Carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries

A

Arteries

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8
Q

 Sites of exchange of materials between the vascular bed and the surrounding tissues

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

Returns the blood from the capillary bed to the heart

A

Veins

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10
Q

is the Four-chambered pump of the cardiovascular system. what are its chambers and function?

A

HEART
 2 atria (receive blood)
 2 ventricles (discharge blood)

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11
Q

LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL (4)

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Pericardium

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12
Q

 Outermost layer of the heart wall
 Composed of a ______ _______ mesothelium (epithelium) and subepicardial layer of connective tissue

A

Epicardium
simple squamous

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12
Q

visceral layer of pericardium

A

Epicardium

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13
Q

 Middle muscular layer (cardiac muscle fibers)
 Thickest layer of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

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14
Q

 Innermost layer of heart
 ______ _______ endothelium and subendothelial layer composed of ____ ____ ___

A

Endocardium
Simple squamous
dense irregular CT

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15
Q

 Surrounds the heart like a sac

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

2 layers of Pericardium

A

outer
inner

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17
Q

Outer layer of pericardium consists of (2)

A

 Fibrous pericardium
 Parietal pericardium

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18
Q

inner layer of pericardium

A

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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19
Q

Space between parietal and visceral pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

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20
Q

Composed of dense irregular connective tissue

A

CARDIAC SKELETON

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21
Q

Functions of Cardiac skeleton (3)

A

 Surround and support the bases of all heart valves
 Providing firm points of insertion for cardiac muscle in the atria and ventricles
 Help coordinate the heartbeat by acting as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

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22
Q

CARDIAC SKELETON
Main components (3)

A

 Annuli fibrosi
 Trigona fibrosa cordis
 Septum membranaceum

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23
Q

 Surrounds ______ valves and the
atrioventricular valve
 Composed of intermingling bundles
of collagen and a few elastic fibers

A

Annuli fibrosi
semilunar

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24
Q

 Fill the spaces between the atrioventricular openings and the base of the aorta
 Small areas of connective tissue

A

Trigona fibrosa cordis

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25
Q

Trigona fibrosa cordis of pigs, cats, and rabbits is….

A

predominantly dense, irregular
connective tissue

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26
Q

Trigona fibrosa cordis of dogs is…

A

fibrocartilage

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27
Q

Trigona fibrosa cordis of horses is…

A

hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

Trigona fibrosa cordis of large ruminant is…

A

bone

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29
Q

 Fibrous portion of interventricular
septum
 Consists of collagen fiber bundles

A

Septum membranaceum

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30
Q

Specialized to regulate the sequence of atrial
and ventricular contractions

A

CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM

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31
Q

CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
Modified cardiac muscle cells

A

Purkinje fibers

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32
Q

CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM is consists of (3)

A

 Sinoatrial node (SA node)
 Atrioventricular node (AV node)
 Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)

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33
Q

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS (7)

A

VESSEL TUNICS
BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERIES
CAPILLARIES
ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSIS
VEINS
ATYPICAL BLOOD VESSELS

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34
Q

BLOOD VESSELS 3 layers (vessel tunics)

A

 Tunica intima (interna)
Innermost
 Tunica media
Middle
 Tunica adventitia (externa)
Outermost

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35
Q

Tunica intima layers (3)

A

 a. Endothelium
 b. Subendothelial layer
c. Internal elastic lamina

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36
Q

A layer of tunica intima which consists of
 Simple squamous epithelium
 Common and consistent feature
of all blood vessels and heart
 Rests on a basal lamina

A

Tunica intima Endothelium

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37
Q

A layer of tunica intima which consists of
 Thin layer of loose CT
 Sometimes contains smooth muscle
cells

A

Tunica intima Subendothelial layer

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38
Q

A layer of tunica intima which consists of
 Composed of elastin
 Separates the tunica intima from the
tunica media
 Especially well developed in
muscular arteries

A

Tunica intima Internal elastic lamina

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39
Q

 Usually the thickest layer
 Concentric cell layers: helically arranged smooth muscle cells
 Interspersed with varying amounts of elastic
fibers, reticular fibers, proteoglycans, collagen
fibers

A

Tunica media

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40
Q

 Present in tunica media of large vessels (2)

A

Nervi vasorum (nerve supply)
vasa vasorum (blood supply)

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41
Q

tunica media layer (1)

A

External elastic lamina

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42
Q

A layer of tunica media that is
 Similar in structure to the internal elastic
membrane
 Separates tunica media from tunica adventitia
 Clearly distinguishable in the largest muscular arteries

A

External elastic lamina

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43
Q

 Outermost covering
 Connective tissue – principally of
__________ and ________
 Generally difficult to distinguish the
end of this tunic
 Continuous with the connective
tissue elements
- Nervi and vasa vasorum are present
in this tunic

A

Tunica adventitia
type I collagen
elastic fibers

44
Q

Only the endothelium is constantly present in tunics: true or false?

A

true

45
Q

BLOOD VESSELS 3 types

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

46
Q

Carry blood away from the heart to the capillary beds

A

ARTERIES

47
Q

ARTERIES classifications (4)

A

 Elastic (conducting) arteries
 Muscular (distributing) arteries
 Arterioles
Metarterioles

48
Q

 aka:
 Conducting arteries
Large arteries

A

Elastic arteries

49
Q

Examples of arteries (3)

A

aorta
pulmonary trunk
their largest branches

50
Q

Transition from elastic to muscular arteries may be either gradual or abrupt
TRUE OR FALSE

A

true

51
Q

Layers of Elastic artery (3)

A

 Tunica intima
 Tunica media
 Tunica adventitia

52
Q

well-developed in this elastic artery layer
 (+) internal elastic lamina

A

Tunica intima

53
Q

 Most prominent feature in this layer of elastic artery
 Concentric layers of elastic membranes
alternating with smooth muscle fibers
 (+) external elastic lamina

A

Tunica media

54
Q

 Thinner than t. media in this elastic artery layer

A

Tunica adventitia

55
Q

 aka:
 Distributing arteries
 Medium arteries

A

Muscular arteries

56
Q

Examples of muscular arteries

A

Most vessels arising from the aorta
except for the major trunks
originating from the arch of aorta
and the terminal bifurcation of the
abdominal aorta

57
Q

thinner
 (+) internal elastic lamina: more prominent
 Occasionally duplicated (bifid internal elastic lamina)

A

T. intima muscular artery

58
Q

 Thick and mostly of many layers of smooth muscle cells
 Less elastic membranes than elastic arteries
 (+) external elastic lamina

A

T. media of muscular artery

59
Q

 Relatively thicker than in elastic arteries

A

T. adventitia of muscular artery

60
Q

 aka:
 Resistance vessels
 Small arteries
 Control blood flow to capillary
networks

A

Arterioles

61
Q

 (+) thin subendothelial layers and elastic fibers
 (+) internal elastic lamina

A

T. intima of arterioles

62
Q

 1 – 3 layers of smooth muscle cells
 May also contain collagen fibers
 (-) external elastic lamina

A

t. media of arterioles

63
Q

 Thin sheath of loose connective tissue

A

T. adventitia of arterioles

64
Q

Narrow vessel surrounded by large,
isolated bundles of smooth muscle
 Initial portion is surrounded by
additional smooth muscle cells, which
form a _____ ______

A

Metarterioles
precapillary sphincter

65
Q

 aka exchange vessels
 Smallest blood vessels
 Single layer of _______ (endothelial)
cells surrounded by a basal lamina
and occasional _____

A

CAPILLARIES
squamous
pericytes

66
Q

CAPILLARIES
central channels (2)

A

 Proximal end – metarterioles
 Distal end – thoroughfare channel

67
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF CAPILLARIES (3)

A

Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries

68
Q

 Most common type of capillary
 Individual endothelial cells are held together
by ______ ______
 _____ _____ may be found either
numerous or few in number

A

Continuous capillaries
tight junctions
Transcytotic vesicles

69
Q

capillaries
 Found in areas such as:
 Peripheral nerve fibers, skeletal muscle,
lungs, thymus

A

Continuous capillaries

70
Q

 Have a sieve-like structure
 Endothelial cells have portions with numerous small circular openings (_____)
 _______are closed by monolayered
diaphragms that are thinner than the cell
membrane

A

Fenestrated capillaries
fenestrae

71
Q

capillaries
 Found in areas such as:
 Endocrine glands, pancreas, and lamina propria of the intestines, renal glomeruli*

A

Fenestrated capillaries

72
Q

Larger than other capillaries
Larger in diameter and more irregularly-shaped
Large _____ ______ and pores through the endothelial cells

A

Sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries
intercellular openings

73
Q

 Found in:
Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, suprarenal cortex

A

Sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries

74
Q

 Direct connections between arterioles and
venules
 Short, usually nonbranched, and often coiled vessels
 Possess a thick smooth muscle layer in the
subendothelium that receives a dense vasomotor nerve supply

A

ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSIS

75
Q

Function of ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSIS (3)

A

 Regulation of blood pressure and blood
flow into capillary beds
 Thermoregulation
 Erection

76
Q

Return blood to the heart
Capacitance or reservoir vessels

A

VEINS

77
Q

3 classifications of Veins

A

 Venules
 Small and Medium veins
Large veins

78
Q

3 Types of Venules

A

 Postcapillary venules
 Pericytic venules or collecting venules
 Muscular venules

79
Q

 Similar in structure to capillaries but larger in diameter
 _______ venules found in most lymphoid tissues: aka high endothelial
venules

A

 Postcapillary venules

80
Q

 Pericytes form a continuous layer

A

Pericytic venules or collecting venules

81
Q

Located distal to the postcapillary venules
 Pericytes are gradually replaced by circularly arranged smooth muscle cells

A

Muscular venules

82
Q

T. intima of Venule

A

Endothelium

83
Q

T. media of venule

A

 (+) in muscular venules

84
Q

T. adventitia of venule

A

A thin layer may be present in
muscular venules

85
Q

 Most veins are classified as small or medium veins
 May contain _____
 Usually located close and parallel to corresponding muscular arteries

A

Small and Medium Veins
valves

86
Q

Continuation of muscular venules

A

Small veins

87
Q

Valves are characteristic features
 Most numerous in the inferior portion of the body

A

 Medium veins

88
Q

usually thin
 Endothelium with subendothelial layer
 IEL: thin layer may be present in larger vessels

A

T. intima of small and medium veins

89
Q

what can be found in t. media of small veins

A

2 – 3 layers of smooth muscle

90
Q

what can be found in t. media of medium veins

A

3 – 5 layers of smooth muscle

91
Q

: thicker than its t. media
 Medium v: longitudinal smooth muscle may be present
 Medium v: with collagen and elastic fibers

A

t. adventitia

92
Q

 Return venous blood directly to the heart
 May have prominent valves

A

Large Veins

93
Q

 Examples:
 Superior and inferior vena cava and hepatic portal vein
 Renal, internal jugular, iliac, azygos vein

A

Large Veins

94
Q

 Tunica intima
 Endothelium with subendothelial layer
 IEL: May be present

A

Large Veins

95
Q

 Tunica media: relatively thin
> 5 layers of smooth muscle; only few have well-developed smooth muscle layer

A

Large Veins

96
Q

thickest layer
 Also with bundled longitudinal smooth muscle
 _____ _____:
 (+) in t. adventitia of superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk

A

Large Veins
Myocardial sleeves

97
Q

Prevent backflow of blood
Especially abundant in lower extremities

A

VALVES OF THE VEINS

98
Q

ATYPICAL BLOOD VESSELS (4)

A

Coronary arteries
Dural venous sinuses
Great saphenous vein
Central adrenomedullary vein

99
Q

 Considered muscular arteries
Walls are usually thicker than those of comparable arteries in the upper or lower limb

A

Coronary arteries

100
Q

Represent venous channels in the cranial cavity
 Broad spaces within the dura mater that are lined with endothelial cells; devoid of
smooth muscles

A

Dural venous sinuses

101
Q

 Often described as muscular vein due to unusual amount of smooth muscle

A

Great saphenous vein

102
Q

 Has unique eccentric arrangement of smooth muscle bundles
 Resulting in irregularity in the thickness of the vascular wall
 Contraction of the longitudinally arranged smooth muscles in the tunica media enhances the efflux of hormones from the adrenal medulla into the circulation

A

Central adrenomedullary vein

103
Q

Unidirectional
Collect excess extracellular fluid (lymph) from the interstitial tissue spaces

A

LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM

104
Q

 Begin as “blind-ended” tubes
Lined by endothelium with incomplete basal lamina
 Usually thin and larger in diameter than blood capillaries and variable in shape

A

Lymphatic capillaries

105
Q

sequence of lymph drainage to cardiovascular system

A

Lymphatic capillaries → lymphatic vessels → lymphatic ducts → cardiovascular system

106
Q

LYMPHATIC DUCTS types (2)

A

Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic ducts

107
Q

 Shorter
 Empties its contents into the venous system at the junction of the right internal
jugular and subclavian veins

A

Right lymphatic duct

108
Q

Larger
 Begins in the abdomen as the ___ _____
 Ascends through the thorax and neck to empty its contents at the junction of the
left internal jugular and subclavian veins.

A

Thoracic ducts
cisterna chyli

VETA 65 LEC 2nd Exam (4 decks)

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