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VETA 65 LEC 2nd Exam > Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

Responsible for the immunological defense of the body.
Comprised of cells, tissues, and organs

A

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

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2
Q

Cells of the immune system are distributed in the body as: (4)

A

 Single cells
 Isolated accumulations of cells
 Distinct nonencapsulated lymphatic nodules in the loose connective tissue
 Encapsulated individual lymphoid organs

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3
Q

Provides the second and the third lines of defense

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM

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4
Q

IMMUNE SYSTEM 2 components

A

 Innate immune system
 Adaptive immune system

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5
Q

 aka natural immune system
Non-specific

A

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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6
Q

 Innate immune system is Composed of: (3)

A

 Complement system (series of blood-borne proteins)
 Macrophages and neutrophils (phagocytic cells)
Natural killer (NK) cells

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7
Q

 aka acquired immune system
 Responsible for eliminating threats from specific invaders

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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8
Q

 4 primary characteristics of Adaptive immune system

A

 Immunological memory
 Immunological specificity
 Immunological diversity
 Self/non-self recognition

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9
Q

2 types of Adaptive immune system

A

 Humoral immune response
 Cell-mediated immune response

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10
Q

 Depends on the formation of antibodies

A

Humoral immune response (adaptive immune system)

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11
Q

 Cytotoxic response

A

Cell-mediated immune response (adaptive immune system)

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12
Q

KEY CELLS OF THE INNATE AND ADAPTIVE
IMMUNE SYSTEMS (5)

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Natural killer (NK) cells

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13
Q

 Originate in the bone marrow → migrate to the thymus to become immunocompetent
 Cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

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14
Q

 Originate and become immunocompetent in the bone marrow
 In birds, _____ ___ ______
 Humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes
bursa of Fabricius

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15
Q

 Phagocytose foreign substances, breaking them down into _____

A

Macrophages
epitopes

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16
Q

 Vital for the activation of lymphocytes to produce an adaptive immune response
 Macrophages, dendritic cells and B lymphocytes

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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17
Q

 Recognise and kill virus-infected and tumor cells

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

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18
Q

A type of connective tissue characterized by a rich supply of lymphocytes

A

LYMPHOID TISSUE

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19
Q

May exist as:
- Free within the regular connective tissue
- Surrounded by capsules, forming the lymphoid organs

A

LYMPHOID TISSUE

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20
Q

Scattered throughout loose connective tissues of the gut, respiratory tract, urogenital
system, and skin and in extranodular areas of lymphatic organs

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissue

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21
Q

Lymphoid tissue types (2)

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissue
Lymphoid nodules

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22
Q

Lymphoid nodule types (2)

A

Primary lymphoid nodules
Secondary lymphoid nodules

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23
Q

Do not contain germinal centers

A

Primary lymphoid nodules

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24
Q

 Characterized by a light-staining germinal center within the nodule and an outer
mantle zone or corona

A

Secondary lymphoid nodules

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25
Q

Types of lymphoid organs based on location (2)

A

Primary (central) lymphoid organs
Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs

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26
Q

Responsible for the development and maturation of lymphocytes into mature,
immunocompetent cells

A

Primary (central) lymphoid organs

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27
Q

Primary (central) lymphoid organs included organs and in which species: (4)

A

 Bone marrow (mammals)
 Thymus (mammals and birds)
 Bursa of Fabricius (birds)
 Aggregated lymphatic nodules of the ileum (sheep, cattle)

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28
Q

Lymphocytes migrate into these organs after becoming immunocompetent
 Responsible for the proper environment in which immunocompetent cells can react

A

Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs

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29
Q

Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs
includes these organs (4). mention example organs on the first one

A

 Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
- Tonsils, BALT, GALT
Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Hemal nodes

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30
Q

Located in the mediastinum
Derived from: endoderm
 As a solid outgrowth from the epithelium of the _____ pharyngeal pouch
 Epithelial cells gives rise to a _____ ______ _____

A

THYMUS
3rd
thymic epithelial reticulum

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31
Q

“Lymphoepithelial organ”

A

THYMUS

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32
Q

Bilobed; surrounded by a CT capsule → penetrates the parenchyma as septa → divides it into incomplete lobules

A

“Lymphoepithelial organ” or the thymus

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33
Q

Thymus parts (2)

A

THYMIC CORTEX
THYMIC MEDULLA

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34
Q

Composed of an extensive population of:
 Small T lymphocytes (thymocytes)
 Epithelial reticular cells (large, stellate cells with light-staining oval nuclei)
 Type I, II, and III
 Macrophages

A

THYMIC CORTEX

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35
Q

Composed of:
 Large T lymphocytes
 Epithelial reticular cells
 Type IV, V, VI
 _____ corpuscles
(thymic corpuscles)

A

THYMIC MEDULLA
Hassall’s

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36
Q

THYMUS (EPITHELIAL RETICULAR CELLS) (6)

A

Types (I, II, III, IV, V, VI)

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37
Q

Separate the thymic parenchyma from the CT (capsule, septa) of the organ Surrounds
blood vessels. which type of thymus reticular cells and what is its location?

A

Type I
Cortex

38
Q

Form desmosomal junctions with each other
Compartmentalize the cortex into isolated areas for the developing T cells
Present MHC I, MHC II, and self-antigen to thymocytes. which type of thymus reticular cells and what is its location?

A

Type II
Midcortex

39
Q

Form occluding junctions with each other & epithelial reticular cells of the medulla
Isolates the cortex from the medulla.
Also present MHC I, MHC II, and self-antigen to thymocytes. which type of thymus reticular cells and what is its location?

A

Type III
Corticomedullary junction (deep cortex)

40
Q

Assist in the formation of the corticomedullary junction. which type of thymus reticular cells and what is its location?

A

Type IV
Corticomedullary junction (medulla)

41
Q

Form cellular scaffolding of the medulla. which type of thymus reticular cells and what is its location?

A

Type V
Medulla

42
Q

Form Hassall’s corpuscles
Release cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin. which type of thymus reticular cells and what is its location?

A

Type VI
Medulla

43
Q

Blind opening located in the dorsal wall of the cloaca
Has extensively folded wall
Lined by: Simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium
 Subdivided by connective tissue trabeculae into numerous distinct lobules called _____
Regresses after peak development until nearly disappearing
~___weeks onwards

A

BURSA OF FABRICIUS
follicles
9

44
Q

Parts of follicles (2)

A

 Outer = corona
 Medulla = germinal center

45
Q

Resembles the
 Tonsil: associated with a lining epithelium
 Thymus: having nodules (follicles) with cortex and medulla

A

BURSA OF FABRICIUS

46
Q

Composed of a nonencapsulated, localized lymphocyte infiltration and lymphoid nodules in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts

A

MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT)

47
Q

Examples of MALT (3)

A

 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
 Tonsils

48
Q

 Most of the lymphoid follicles are isolated from each other

A

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

49
Q

GALT consists of (2)

A

 Peyer’s patches
 M cells

50
Q

GALT
 Most prominent accumulation
Located in the ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

51
Q

GALT
 Squamous-like cells lining the regions immediately adjacent to lymphoid follicles

A

M cells

52
Q

Located in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles
 Development of _____ is antigen-dependent
 Presence widely varies among species

A

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT

53
Q

Examples of tonsils (3)

A

 Palatine
 Pharyngeal
Lingual

54
Q

types of tonsils (2)

A

With crypts
Without crypts

55
Q

 Bilateral
 In lateral walls of the oropharynx
Lined with a non-keratinized squamous stratified epithelium
 Deep aspect of each tonsil is isolated from the surrounding CT by a dense fibrous CT
 Has epithelial invaginations that penetrate tonsil deeply (____)

A

Palatine Tonsils
crypt

56
Q

 Single
 In the roof of nasopharynx
Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
 Has a thin underlying capsule
 Instead of crypts, has shallow, longitudinal infoldings (______)

A

Pharyngeal Tonsil
pleats

57
Q

 Smaller but more numerous in number
 At the base of the tongue
Lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 Deep aspect has a flimsy capsule
 Has numerous crypts
- Bases receive the ducts of mucous minor salivary gland

A

Lingual Tonsils

58
Q

Small, encapsulated, oval structures
 Capsule composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue
 In ruminants: smooth muscle cells are also present

A

LYMPH NODE

59
Q

Interposed in the path of lymph vessels
Filter antigens from the lymph before returning it to the bloodstream
The only lymphatic organ with both afferent and efferent lymph vessels

A

LYMPH NODE

60
Q

 Penetrate the capsule at several different sites and open into ______ _____
 ______ sinuses arise from the subcapsular sinus to accompany the connective tissue trabeculae and continue into medullary sinuses

A

Afferent lymph vessels
subcapsular sinus
Cortical

61
Q

3 regions of afferent lymph vessels

A

 Cortex
 Paracortex
 Medulla

62
Q

 Composed mainly of B cells, APCs, macrophages, and reticular cells
 Has primary and secondary lymphatic nodules separated by diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

Lymph node cortex

63
Q

 Region of the lymph node between the cortex and the medulla
 Houses mostly T cells and is the thymus-dependent zone of the lymph node

A

Paracortex

64
Q

Lymph node medulla parts (2)

A

 Medullary cords
 Medullary sinusoids

65
Q

 Mainly T cells, B cells, plasma cells of lymph node medulla

A

 Medullary cords

66
Q

 Continuous with the capsular and cortical sinuses
 T cells and B cells enter the sinusoids and leave the lymph node via efferent lymph vessels

A

Medullary sinusoids

67
Q

 Arrangement of cortex and medulla are reversed
 Arteries enter the _____ lymph node with the afferent lymph vessels
Which species has this lymph node?

A

porcine

68
Q

 Cortex and medulla also reversed but medullary component is greater. which species has this lymph node?

A

Equine

69
Q

Very large lymphoid nodules. which species has this lymph node?

A

Bovine

70
Q

which species has a GENERALLY ABSENT lymph node.

A

Avian

71
Q

Largest lymphoid organ of the body
Covered by a thick irregular dense connective tissue capsule with occasional smooth muscle cells
 Trabeculae extend from the capsule and the hilus into the parenchyma

A

SPLEEN

72
Q

Functions of spleen (4)

A

 Hematopoiesis
 Filter blood
 Mount immune response
 Destruction of old erythrocytes

73
Q

The parenchyma of the spleen is divided into: (2)

A

 Red pulp
White pulp

74
Q

Both red and white pulp are supported by _____ ______ that form a supporting framework of the spleen

A

reticular fibers

75
Q

Lymphoid nodules (splenic corpuscles)
 _____ _____ _____ (PALs)

A

White pulp
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths

76
Q

Parts of white pulp (2)

A

Marginal zone
Marginal sinus

77
Q

Separates the white pulp from the red pulp

A

Marginal zone

78
Q

 A series of anastomosing channels in the marginal zone
Not equally apparent in all species

A

Marginal sinus

79
Q

Red pulp parts (2)

A

 Splenic sinuses
 Splenic cords (cords of Billroth)

80
Q

Lined by unusual elongated
endothelial cells called ____ _____

A

Splenic sinuses
stave cells

81
Q

 Contain a network of reticular cells
and fibers
 Filled with T and B lymphocytes,
macrophages, other leukocytes, and
red blood cells

A

Splenic cords (cords of Billroth)

82
Q

The splenic cords of these species (2) contain
numerous smooth muscles

A

Ruminants and porcine:

83
Q

the splenic cords of these species (2) has myofibroblast

A

Horses and dogs

84
Q

Two types of spleen:

A

a. Defensive type
b. Storage type

85
Q

 Few trabeculae and muscle fibers, abundant white pulp
 Present in ____

A

Defensive type spleen
man

86
Q

 Many trabeculae and muscle fibers, few but large white pulp
 e.g. horse, dog, cat

A

Storage type spleen

87
Q

(between the defensive and storage) type of spleen. which species have this? (2)

A

Intermediate
Ruminants and swine

88
Q

Found in ruminants
Prevalent in the sublumbar area along the vena cava and abdominal aorta

A

HEMAL NODE

89
Q

Sinuses are filled with ______
Less lymphoid nodules
Trabeculae of connective tissue are not apparent

A

HEMAL NODE
blood

90
Q

Similar to the lymph node except:
 Sinuses contain both blood and lymph
Also found in ruminants

A

HEMOLYMPH NODE

VETA 65 LEC 2nd Exam (4 decks)

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