Integumentary system Flashcards
1
Q
Largest organ
External covering of the body
Continuous with the mucous membranes at points of transitions (_____ _____)
A
SKIN
mucocutaneous junctions
2
Q
mucocutaneous junctions of the digestive system (2)
A
lips, anus
3
Q
mucocutaneous junctions of the respiratory system
A
nose
4
Q
mucocutaneous junctions of the Urogenital system
A
external orifices
5
Q
mucocutaneous junctions that is continuous with the conjunctiva
A
Eyelid
6
Q
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN (5)
A
- Protective
- Sensory
- Thermoregulatory
- Metabolic
- Sexual signaling
7
Q
2 main layers of the skin
A
Epidermis
Dermis
8
Q
Epidermis and dermis interdigitate with each
other by the formation of: (2)
A
Epidermal ridges
Dermal papillae
9
Q
2 classifications of skin
A
Thick skin - sole and palm
Thin skin
10
Q
Layers of the epidermis of thick skin (5)
A
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
11
Q
Cornified cell layer
Most superficial layer
Composed of several layers of dead, flattened _______ (squames)
A
Stratum corneum (thick skin)
keratinocytes
12
Q
Clear cell layer
Poorly stained keratinocytes filled with _____ and ______
A
Stratum lucidum (thick skin)
keratin
eleidin
13
Q
Granular cell layer
Polygonal-shaped nucleated keratinocytes with coarse, basophilic keratohyalin granules in the cytoplasm
A
Stratum granulosum (thick skin)
14
Q
Prickle cell layer
Thickest layer of the epidermis
Composed of mitotically active and maturing polygonal keratinocytes (____ ____) that interdigitate with one another by forming intercellular bridges
A
Stratum spinosum (thick skin)
prickle cells
15
Q
Stratum germinativum
Deepest layer of the epidermis
Single layer of mitotically active, cuboidal to low columnar cells containing basophilic cytoplasm and a large nucleus
A
Stratum basale (thick skin)
16
Q
What makes up the Malpighian layer?
A
Stratum spinosum + Stratum basale
17
Q
Only about 5 layers of squames
A
Stratum corneum (thin skin)
18
Q
what layer of the epidermis is combined in think skin?
A
Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum
19
Q
Same as in thick skin but layers are reduced
A
Stratum spinosum (thin skin)
20
Q
stratum basale of thin skin is the same as thick skin: true or false
A
true
21
Q
DISTINCT CELLS IN THE EPIDERMIS (4)
A
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells (Tactile epithelioid cells)
22
Q
Most predominant
Their morphology that is responsible for the
characteristics of the five layers
Vary in size and shape and differentiate as they migrate upward to form keratin
A
Keratinocytes
23
Q
Derived from neural crest cells
Produce melanin
Found in stratum basale
A
Melanocytes
24
Q
Intraepidermal macrophages
Derived from bone marrow
Function as antigen-presenting cells in immune responses
Found in stratum spinosum
A
Langerhans cells
25
Probably derived from neural crest
Function as mechanoreceptors
Found in stratum basale
Merkel cells (Tactile epithelioid cells)
26
structure that is Beneath the epidermis
DERMIS or corium
27
2 layers of dermis
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
28
Loose connective tissue
Interdigitates with the epidermis
Papillary layer of dermis
29
Irregular DWFCT
Main and deeper part
Also contains epidermally derived structures, including sweat glands,
hair follicles, and sebaceous glands
Reticular layer of dermis
30
sensory receptors that can be found in reticular layer of dermis (3)
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini’s corpuscles
Krause's end bulbs
31
Perceive pressure and vibration
Pacinian corpuscle of dermis
32
Reacts to tension placed on skin
Ruffini’s corpuscles of dermis
33
Believed to function as mechanoreceptors
Krause's end bulbs of dermis
34
Beneath the dermis
Anchors the dermis to the underlying muscle or bone
Loose connective tissue
With adipose cells
HYPODERMIS
35
May form adipose cells:
Small clusters
Large masses (cushion or pad of fat)
Panniculus adiposus
HYPODERMIS
36
ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES IN THE SKIN
Hair
37
Covers the body
Flexible, keratinized structure produced by a hair follicle
Hair
38
PARTS OF THE HAIR (8)
Hair bulb
External root sheath
Internal root sheath
Glassy membrane
Dermal root sheath
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
39
Hair bulb is made up of
Hair root
Dermal papilla
40
expanded terminus
Hair root
41
vascularized connective tissue
core
Dermal papilla
42
Downgrowth of epidermis; several
layers
External root sheath
43
Internal root sheath 3 layers
Henle’s layer (outer): single row of
cuboidal cells
Huxley’s layer
Cuticle of internal root sheath
44
Non-cellular hyaline layer
Separates the dermis from the
epithelium of the hair follicle
Glassy membrane
45
Composed of collagen and elastic fibers
richly supplied by blood vessels and
nerves
Dermal root sheath
46
Thin layer of heavily keratinized,
squamous cells
Covering the cortex
Cuticle
47
Heavily keratinized, densely packed
cells
Surrounds the medulla
Cortex
48
Have large, vacuolated, and
moderately keratinized cells
Forms the center
Medulla
49
HAIR FOLLICLE CYCLE
the growth phase
Anagen
50
HAIR FOLLICLE CYCLE
the transition phase
Catagen
51
HAIR FOLLICLE CYCLE
the rest phase
Telogen
52
TYPES OF HAIR FOLLICLES
Primary hair follicle
Secondary hair follicle
Single / simple follicle
Compound follicles
53
Has a large diameter, is rooted deep in the dermis
Usually associated with sebaceous and sweat glands
Hair that emerges is called a primary hair (guard hair)
Primary hair follicle
54
Smaller in diameter than a primary follicle, and the root is nearer the surface
May have a sebaceous gland
Lacks a sweat gland and an arrector pili muscle
Hairs from these follicles are secondary hair (underhairs)
Secondary hair follicle
55
Follicles with only one hair emerging to the surface
Single / simple follicle
56
Composed of clusters of several hair follicles located in the dermis
Usually have one primary hair follicle and several secondary hair follicles
Compound follicles
57
these species Have single hair follicles that are distributed evenly (2)
Horses and cattle
58
these species Have single follicles grouped in clusters of two to four follicles
Clusters of three are most common in young pigs
Pigs
59
these species Compound follicles
Single large primary hair and a group of smaller secondary underhairs
Dogs
60
these species Hair-growing regions: face, the distal part of the limbs, and the pinna of the ear
Wool-growing regions: cover most of the body
Sheep
61
Highly specialized for tactile sense
Very large single follicles characterized by a blood-filled sinus between the inner and
outer layers of the dermal root sheath
SINUS OR TACTILE HAIR FOLLICLES OF THE HEAD
62
SINUS OR TACTILE HAIR FOLLICLES OF THE HEAD is divided into
Upper annular sinus
Lower cavernous sinus
63
Non-trabecular (not separated by CT)
Upper annular sinus
64
Trabecular (separated by CT
Lower cavernous sinus
65
SINUS OR TACTILE HAIR FOLLICLES OF THE HEAD
Annular sinus is traversed by fibroelastic trabeculae throughout its length (species)
Horses and ruminants
66
SINUS OR TACTILE HAIR FOLLICLES OF THE HEAD
In the upper portion of the sinus hair follicles, the inner layer of the dermal root sheath thickens, forming a _____ _____
This pad is surrounded by an annular sinus free of trabeculae
(species)
Pigs and carnivores
sinus pad
67
GLANDS OF THE SKIN
Sebaceous gland
Sweat gland
Apocrine sweat gland
Merocrine sweat gland
68
Secretes sebum into the hair follicle
Most frequently associated with hair follicles
Their ducts empty to form the pilosebaceous canal of the hair follicle
Sebaceous gland
69
mixture of lipids and disintegrated cells
Sebum
70
sebaceous glans is absent in the skin of the nose in ________ and other hairless skin. give examples (4)
carnivores
footpad, hoof, claw
and horns
71
Sebaceous glands empty directly onto the skin surface through a duct lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
e.g. anal canal, teat of horses, internal layer of the prepuce of some species
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
72
Opens on the skin surface through an excretory duct
Secrete slightly alkaline watery substance (serves as a cooling mechanism)
Absent in birds
Sweat gland
73
Sweat gland 2 types
Apocrine
Merocrine (eccrine)
74
Simple coiled tubular glands
Duct penetrates the epidermis of the hair follicle just before it opens onto the surface
of the skin
Located throughout most of the skin
Apocrine sweat gland
75
abundant secretion and produce visible sweat during exercise and high
temperature. what type of skin gland is associated here and which species?
Horses
Apocrine sweat gland
76
secretion of apocrine sweat glands is scant and rarely perceptible
Other species
77
these species have the least active apocrine sweat glands
Goats and cats
78
Simple tubular glands that open directly onto the skin surface rather than into hair
follicles
Merocrine sweat gland
79
merocrine sweat glans is present in which organ of cats and dogs
foot pads
80
Merocrine sweat gland is present in which organ of the horse
frog of hoof
81
Merocrine sweat gland is present in which organ of the pig/swine
planum rostrale
carpal glands
82
Merocrine sweat gland is present in which organ of bovine
planum nasolabiale
83
GLANDS OF THE MAMMALIAN SKIN
Special skin glands - divided into two:
a. Glands of the anal region
b. Mammary glands
84
Modified sweat gland
Differ in structure depending on state
MAMMARY GLAND
85
Contracts in response to cold, fear, anger
Moves the hair to a more vertical position
Resulting in:
Erection of the hair
ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLES
86
Connects to:
Connective tissue sheath of hair follicle
Papillary layer of the dermis
ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLES
87
STRUCTURES DERIVED FROM THE SKIN
(4)
Hoof
Claw
Nails
Horns
88
Keratinized portion of the equine hoof is composed of three main parts
EQUINE HOOF
89
3 main parts of equine hoof
Wall (paries)
Sole (solea)
Frog (cuneus ungulae)
90
Visible portion when the foot is placed on the ground
Wall (paries) of equine hoof
91
Forms the greatest part of the ventral surface of the foot
Sole (solea) of equine hoof
92
Wedge-shaped structure that projects into the sole
Frog (cuneus ungulae) of equine hoof
92
parts of the wall of equine hoof
Stratum externum (tectorium)
Stratum medium
Stratum internum (lamellatum)
93
Smooth, shiny surface part of wall of equine hoof
Stratum externum (tectorium)
94
Thickest; tubular and intertubular horns of the wall of equine hoof
Stratum medium
95
Innermost; primary and secondary epidermal
laminae of the wall of equine hoof
Stratum internum (lamellatum)
96
Epidermis of the sole produces tubular and intertubular horn
Corium (dermis) of the sole bears long papillae
Epidermal covering gives rise to the tubular horn of the sole
Sole
97
*Interdigitation between the nonpigmented wall laminae with the pigmented tubular
and intertubular horn of the sole is referred to as the _____ _____
white line
98
Epidermis of the frog produces tubular and intertubular horn
Softer than that of the wall and sole
Corium (dermis) of the frog forms small short papillae
(+) Merocrine sweat glands in the part that overlies the central sulcus of the frog
Frog
99
Pododerm / Corium = ??? of equine hoof
dermis
100
S. internum and corresponding laminar corium does not have secondary laminae in the hoof of these species
Ruminant and swine
101
frog is absent in these species of ungulates
Ruminant and swine
102
The frog is absent in ruminant and swine; instead:
(+) ____ ____ _____ ____ ____ – present at the ventral surface of the hoof; continuous with
the skin
bulb of soft thin horn
103
In dogs and cats
Specialized structures continuous with the epidermis and dermis of the skin of the foot
Have shields of hard keratin
(+) wall and sole
CLAWS
104
Coverings of the cornual processes of the frontal bone of the skull
Consist of a hard keratinized epidermis, a dermis, and a hypodermis
HORNS OF RUMINANTS
105
SPECIALIZED SKIN REGIONS (4)
1. Footpad
2. Scrotum
3. Nose
4. External auditory meatus
106
Present only in carnivores
Highly cornified, thickened, highly pigmented and hairless portion of the skin
Digital cushion (primarily adipose tissue) in hypodermis
Adapted for locomotion; resists abrasion; effective shock absorber
Dogs: ______
Cats: _______
Footpad
papillated
smooth
107
Generally thinner than skin on other parts of the body
Characterized by a thin S. corneum and dermis
Less hair follicles
Hairs are short and fine
Scrotum
108
Nose of carnivores
: (-) sebaceous glands
109
(-) hairs but contain glands that moisten the surface
nose of ruminants
110
Similar to that in ruminants except (+) fine hairs
pig nose
111
the skin of the nose is _____ _____ or ______
highly cornified
keratinized
112
thin, (+) hairs, sebaceous glands
horse nose
113
Small hair follicles
Sebaceous glands and modified apocrine glands called _____ _____
External auditory meatus
ceruminous gland
114
_____ (ear wax) is made up of (3)
Cerumen
sebum + ceruminous secretions + desquamated epithelial cells
115
Lacks sweat and sebaceous glands (except for two structures)
Entire skin acts as a sebaceous secretory organ
AVIAN INTEGUMENT
116
Generally thin in areas covered by feathers
Thick in bare areas
Epidermal cells include both lipogenesis and keratinization in their differentiation
‘‘_________’’
Feathers: provide mechanical protection
Avian epidermis
sebokeratinocytes
117
Epidermis layers of avian (4)
Stratum corneum
Stratum transitivum (= s. granulosum w/o keratohyaline)
Stratum intermedium (= s. spinosum)
Stratum basale
118
Thicker than the epidermis in most areas
Poorly defined papillary layer
avian dermis
119
Avian dermis is divided into (3)
Stratum superficiale
Stratum profundum
- Stratum compactum
- Stratum laxum
Lamina elastica
120
Specialized sebaceous gland
Oily secretion help in preening, waterproofing
Produces a sebaceous material containing vitamin D precursors
Well-developed in: aquatic birds
Absent in: many pigeons and parrot species
Uropygial Gland (preen gland)
