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d- health alteration lp7 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Brain

controls
generates

CNS

A

controls center of nervous system-

generates thoughts, emotions and speech

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2
Q

Hemispheres-

what kinds/lobes
each hemisphere
ie

CNS

A

Left & Right & 4 lobes-

each hemisphere receives sensory and motor impulse from opposite side of body

(Ie right hemisphere receivers impulse from left side of body

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3
Q

Left hemisphere controls what

CNS

A

Left side controls language

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4
Q

Right hemisphere controls what

CNS

A

non verbal perceptual function

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5
Q

Brainstem consists of:

CNS

A

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

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6
Q

Midbrain function

CNS

A

center for auditory and visual reflexes

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7
Q

Pons function

CNS

A

controls respirations

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8
Q

Medulla oblongata-

important role in

CNS

A

important role in cardiac rate, blood pressure, respirations and swallowing

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9
Q

CSF

liquid/derived from where
forms
helps

CNS

A
  • CSF is a clear colorless liquid derived from blood plasma

, forms a cushion for brain tissue and protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma.

Helps nourish brain and remove waste products

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10
Q

Spinal Cord-

protected by
serves as

CNS

A

protected by vertebrae,

serves as center for conducting messages to and from brain

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11
Q

Meninges-

protective
covers

CNS

A

protective tissue membrane

covers the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Peripheral nervous system

links
consists. of

A

Links the central nervous system with rest of body

Consists of Nerves, sensory receptors, motor receptors

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13
Q

Spinal nerves

contain
31 pairs-
C
T
L
S
C

A

contain both sensory and motor fibers

31 pairs- named by locations-
cervical (8)
, thoracic (12)
lumbar (5),
sacral (5)
, coccygeal 1

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14
Q

Reflexes-what are they

A

rapid, involuntary motor responses to a stimulus

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15
Q

Olfactory nerve #

function

A

1

sense of smell

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16
Q

Optic nerve #

function

A

2

vision

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17
Q

Oculomotor nerve #

function

A

3

eyeball movement
raining of upper eyelid
contraction of pupil
proprioception

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18
Q

trochlear nerve #

function

A

4

eyeball movement

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19
Q

Trigeminal nerve #

function

A

5

sensation of upper scalp, upper eyelid, nose, nasal cavity, cornea and lacrimal galena

sensation of palate, upper teeth, check, top lip, lower eyelid

chewing

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20
Q

Abducens nerve #

function

A

6

lateral movement of eyeball

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21
Q

Facial nerve #

function

A

7

movement of facial muscles

secretions of lacrimal,, nasal, submandibual and sublingual glands

sensation of taste

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22
Q

acoustic nerve #

function

A

8

sensation of equilibrium

sensation of taste

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23
Q

glossopharngyleal nerve #

function

A

9

swallowing

gagreflex

sensation of taste

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24
Q

vagus nerve #

function

A

10

swallowing

regulation of cardiac rate

regulation of respirations

digestion

sense of taste

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25
Q

accessory nerve #

function

A

11

movement of head and neck

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26
Q

hypoglossal nerve #

function

A

12

movement of tongue for speech and swallowing

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27
Q

autonomic nervous system regulates what

A

internal environment of the body

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28
Q

sympathetic division

what is primary trasnmitter
prepares for what

autonomic nervous system

A

norepinephrine is primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic division-

prepares the body to handle harmful or stressful situations

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29
Q

sympathetic division

how will body present

autonomic nervous system

A

dilated pupils,

increased heart rate/force of heart contraction,

increased glucose release

diaphoresis

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30
Q

Parasympathetic Division-

what is primary trasmitter

operates when

autonomic nervous system

A

acetylcholine is primary transmitter,

operates during non stressful situations,

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31
Q

Parasympathetic Division-
what happens when stimulated

autonomic nervous system

A

constriction of pupils,

decreased heart rate

vasoconstriction of coronary arteries

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32
Q

What do diagnostic tests of nervous system used for

nurse is responsible for-(explain/ assess/ signed/ sup)

A

Help to support diagnosis of specific disease or injury

Nurse is responsible for :
Explaining procedure & special considerations
Assessing medications
Signed consent
Supporting patient

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33
Q

Diagnostic Tests of the Neurologic System

A

Carotid Duplex

CT Scan –used for suspected stroke or looking for blockage/ hemorrhage

EEG

Lumbar Puncture –regularly address dressing site, encourage inc of oral fluids, encourage acetaminophen for back/headaches

MRI

Myelogram

PET scan

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34
Q

Health Assessment Interview

consider what-

interview-questions?

what testing

A

Consider genetic influences-many neurologic diseases have a genetic component due to inheritance of a gene or gene mutation,

Interview- questions to ask?— ask about family history, health problems related to neurological disorders, history of disorders like- seizures, ALS,MS, Parkinson, tremors, past history of dizziness, headaches, trauma, or injury

Genetic testing, counseling if data collected indicates risk factors or alterations

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35
Q

Neurological Physical Assessment

A

Mental Status,

cranial nerve assessment,

sensory assessment,

motor function,

reflexes

Vitals,

assesses level of consciousness,

pupillary response,

strength,

sense

pain/touch

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36
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale
what is it
assessment of what
score of 15 is what

A

–objective tool used to describe extend of impaired consciousness,

Assessment of eyes open, best motor response, best verbal response

Score of 15 indicates patient is alert and oriented; highest level of functioning

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37
Q

Decorticate

manifestations
arms
wrists
legs
feet

A

you will see upper arms are close to sides,

wrists and fingers are flexed,

legs internally rotated

feet plantar flexed

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38
Q

Decorticate

cause

A

posture that occurs with lesions of cortical spinal tract

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39
Q

Decerebrate manifestaitons

arms
wrists
feet

A

arms pronated and extended,

wrists that are flexed

feet plantar flexed,

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40
Q

Decerebrate cause

A

posture that occurs with lesions/injures to brain stem-midbrain or pons

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41
Q

Aphasia-

A

defective/ absent language function

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42
Q

Dysphonia –

A

change in tone of voice

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43
Q

Dysarthria

A

–difficulty speaking

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44
Q

Dysphagia

A

–difficulty swallowing

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45
Q

Anosmia

A

– inability to smell

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46
Q

Nystagmus

A

involuntary eye movement

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47
Q

Ataxia

A

lack of coordination/ clumsiness

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48
Q

Flaccidity

A

muscle tone is decreased or absent causing extremities to drift in strokes or loss of tone d/t consequences of stroke

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49
Q

Spasticity

A

–muscle tone increased- tightening of muscles-seen in MS and cerebral palsy

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50
Q

Consciousness

A

individual is aware of self/environment and they respond appropriately

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51
Q

altered level of consciousness

looking at

A

Level of consciousness

Pupillary response

Oculomotor response

Motor response

Breathing

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52
Q

AEIOU

altered loc

A

alcohol,

epilepsy,

insulin,

opium,

uremia(high levels of urate in blood)

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53
Q

T-I-P-S-S

what causes altered loc

A

tumor,

injury,

psych,

stroke,

sepsis

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54
Q

Full consciousness-

Decreased LOC

A

alert and orientated, can comprehend

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55
Q

Confusion-

Decreased LOC

A

patients are unable to think rapidly or quickly

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56
Q

Disorientation-

Decreased LOC

A

not aware, nor orientated to time place or person,

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57
Q

Obtunded

Decreased LOC

A
  • lethargic but react to stimuli and drift back to sleep
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58
Q

Stupor-

Decreased LOC

A

briefly affected by painful stimuli

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59
Q

Semicomtatose-

Decreased LOC

A

do not move spontaneously, stimuli may cause moaning, but withdrawal right away

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60
Q

Coma

Decreased LOC

A
  • unarousable, make no attempt to withdrawal
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61
Q

Deep coma

Decreased LOC

A
  • absence of reflexes
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62
Q

what is a seizure

abnormal
may result

A

Its an Abnormal electrical activity

may result in abrupt altered stated of function

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63
Q

epilepsy

partial seizure

generalized seizure

A

Epilepsy- seizure disorder, chronic

Partial Seizure  may affect only part of brain

Generalized Seizure  affects all of brain

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64
Q

MRI & CT-

Seizures- Diagnosis

A

Abnormalities in brain

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65
Q

EEG-
Seizures- Diagnosis

A

helps to localize any brain lesions and confirm diagnosis

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66
Q

Lumbar Puncture-

nursing considerations
assess
encourage
backpain/headahce

Seizures- Diagnosis

A

assess spinal fluid for CNS infections

Nursing Considerations?? 
assess dressing site
encourage increase of oral fluids
acetaminophen for back pain/ headache

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67
Q

labs

Seizures- Diagnosis

A

Look at
Blood count,

electrolytes,

blood urea,

glucose

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68
Q

Antiepileptic drugs
dont cure-rather they
limits

Seizures- Medications

A
  • don’t cure; rather they: reduce/ control activity- it will raise the seizure threshold,

which limits the spread of abnormal activity in the brain

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69
Q

Goal->seizure meds
protect
reduce
allow
focus
need

A

protect from harm,

reduce/prevent activity-will be lethargic

, allow pt to rest,

focus on safety and positioning if another seizure,

need to lay on side

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70
Q

Seizures- Medications

A

Phenytoin

phenobarbital,

valproic acid

lamotrigine

gabapentin

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71
Q

Seizures- Medications

considerations:
minimum
dosing
not always
frequent

A

Pt will be on for minimum of three years – if Seizure free, withdrawal may be considered by reducing one drug at a time over several weeks/months

Dosing-need to take exact dose

Not always well tolerated-ca cause decreased alertness, headache, dizziness,

Frequent blood monitoring-make sure they have decreased blood levels, need to do liver function test

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72
Q

health promotion seizures

what care
stress importance of
vehicles
family teaching

A

Follow up care,

Stress importance of taking, scheduling, considering and continuing medications even if no seizure activity

Vehicles –may be prohibited and reinstated after prover has cleared them

Family teaching-first aid

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73
Q

positioning during episode

positioning after episode

A

Positioning during episode cushion- head if seizure, loosen anything tight around neck, turn head and body to side and call for assistance

Positioning after episode –let them rest, but lay on side in case of another seizure

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74
Q

ineffective airway clearence-seizures

what happens
what pools

pt airway interventions-clothing/ turn/ dont put/ may need

A

Tongue falls back, obstruct airway –Gag reflex depressed

Secretions pool

Patent airway interventions: risk for aspiration- loosen clothing, turn to side, do not put anything in mouth and may need oxygen

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75
Q

anxiety/knowledge-seizures

provide support
identify
medical identification
watching
avoiding

A

Provide support –emotional, mental, physical

Identify safe activities –identify safe activities when shower or bathing

Medical identification-bracelet or card

watching Triggers/aura

Avoiding alcohol/coffee

76
Q

heachace

pain where
results from

A

Pain within the cranial area

Result from ->benign or pathologic conditions such as stress, tension or disease process

77
Q

Migraine

what is it
ignited by
accompanied by

A
  • recurring primary headache,

initiated by trigger,

accompanied by neurologic dysfunction

78
Q

Cluster Headache s/s

A

severe or burning,

poking sensation in or directly around the eye causing the eye to water

79
Q

headache
based on->
diagnostic tests to rule out structural disease processes->

A

Based of history & physical, symptoms, precipitating events

Diagnostic tests to r/o structural disease processes mri, xray, eeg, lumbar puncture

80
Q

Sumatriptan
binds
rapidly effective

medication headache

A

binds with serotonin receptors

rapidly effective when given in onset of migraine

81
Q

Once migraines are in progress

meds

A

narcotics/antiemetics may be prescribed

82
Q

what helps to decrease incidence of headaches

when wake up
no
avoid

A

when wake up, eat meals, get regular exercise,,

no artificial sweeteners or msg

Avoid stimulates & food high in tyramine  avoid smoked meats, beers, alcohol, chocolate or caffeine

83
Q

Alzheimer’s- Overview

A

Form of dementia-

progressive, irreversible deterioration of intellectual functioning

84
Q

stages 1-7 alzheimers

A

Stage 1- no cognitive impairment

Stage 2- Very mild decline

Stage 3-Mild cognitive decline

Stage 4- Moderate cognitive decline

Stage 5- Moderately severe cognitive decline

Stage 6- Severe cognitive decline

Stage 7- Very severe cognitive decline

85
Q

diagnosis of Alzheimers

A

No specific diagnostic test- can have postmortem examination of brain tissue

History and physical, identifying if reversible or treatable

86
Q

Alzheimer medications-> use

what meds

A

Medications slow the progression of cognitive decline

Donepezil (), memantine ()

87
Q

Priorities in care alzheimers

top priority
risk for injury
con
daily
caregiver

A

Top Priority: optimize environment to patients functional level

Risk for injury- SAFETY!!- need protective measure to keep them safe as they decline

Continuity of care

Daily routines

Caregiver, role strain

88
Q

Multiple Sclerosis- what is it

A

What is it? A chronic disease of the CNS (Brain, nerves, spinal cord)

89
Q

Multiple Sclerosis- patho

response
destroyed
slows/distorts

A

autoimmune response,

the myeline sheath that protects nerve fibers are destroyed,

demyelination slows and distorts impulse transmission

90
Q

manifestations for MS
vary->
manifestations

A

Manifestations vary- depending on area of nervous system involved

Sensory loss, visual deficits, weakness, paresthesia, ataxia, vertigo

91
Q

Multiple sclerosis

exacerbations
remission
end result

A

Exacerbations- manifestations present,

remission- manifestations not obvious

end result- total loss of function

92
Q

Diagnostic Test MS

A

MRI –may show lesions

Cerebral spinal fluid analysis –lymphocytes indicating an immune response or increased igg

CT Scan-may reveal atrophy in white matter lesion

93
Q

One of the following criteria has to be met

MS

two
history
slowly

A

Two or more exacerbations separated by 1 month or more and lasting more than 24 hours, followed by recovery

A history of repeated exacerbations and remissions with out without complete recovery; progression of symptom severity

Slowly increasing manifestations for at least 6 months

94
Q

multiple sclerosis medications are used for
treat
modify
interrupy

surgery ->

A
  1. treat manifestations

2._modify course of disease

3-interrupt progression of disease

surgery ->indicated for severe spasticity and deformity

95
Q

Immunomodulators-
meds
given for
monitor
assess/ rotate
report

Multiple sclerosis

A

interferon,

given to prolong onset of disability,

monitor liver function tests, cbc

assess / rotate injection sites

report any feelings of suicide/self harm

96
Q

Adrenocorticosteroid-
type of meds
given to treat
avoid
doses
labs
take when

Multiple sclerosis

A

“prednisone”-

given to treat exacerbations of ms, suppress immune system,

avoid crowds

taper doses

labs- inc glucose

take in morning

97
Q

Muscle Relaxants-
meds
receives/supress
can have
change
maintain

Multiple sclerosis

A

“baclofen, diazepam,

-relieves muscle spasms, suppress cans reflexes

can have sedative effects-monitor fall precautions,

change positions slowly

maintain safety-fall precautions

98
Q

Immunosuppressant-
meds
what does
assess
watch for
protect against
increase
labs

Multiple sclerosis

A

imuran, methotrexate,

suppress immune system

assess anemia/fatigue

watch for bleeding,

protect against infection

increase fluids

labs- CBC and urine

99
Q

Multiple sclerosis
watch what
fatigue->
components

Nursing Care: Health Promotion

A

watch Nutrition, Dietary needs, Weight

Fatigue ->low blood counts, medications that cause sedative effect, poor nutrition, overall muscle weakness

Psychosocial components

100
Q

Multiple sclerosis fatigue rehab

assess
arrange
ask
perform
avoid
releive
refer

A

assess fatigue

arrange daily activites to promote rest

ask patents for priotites

perform taks in morning

avoid extreme temps

receive pain

refer to apporpatite professionals

101
Q

Parkinson Disease-

degenerative
characterized by

A

Degenerative neurologic disorder- progressive

Characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slow movement), postural instability

102
Q

Tremor

manifestations parkinsons

A

at rest, starts on one side and progresses to both, affects dexterity and fine muscle control

103
Q

Rigidity & Bradykinesia

manifestations parkinsons

A

slow movements, making passive and active movements difficulty, difficulty starting, continuing and coordinating movements –shuffling gait

104
Q

Abnormal posture

manifestations parkinsons

A

flexion of head makes It difficulty to maintain upright position

105
Q

Autonomic & Neuroendocrine

manifestations parkinsons

A

elimination problems, blood pressure issues and skin changes

106
Q

Mood & Cognition

manifestations parkinsons

A

high incidence of depression rt dimension

107
Q

Sleep disturbances->

manifestations parkinsons

A

difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep

108
Q

diagnosis of Parkinson’s
cardinal signs

A

H&P,

having 2/3 cardinal signs-
tremor at rest, bradykinesia, rigidity

109
Q

is there cure
meds do what

Pt/ot/st

Parkinson’s

A

No cure; medications improve debilitating manifestations

PT/OT/ST-focusing on strength, tremor control and activities that strengthen and control muscles on affected side

110
Q

Dopamine Precursors- Carbidopa- Levodopa-
how does it work

makes what
improves /decreases

Parkinson’s meds

A

carbidopa makes more levodopa for the brain

–which improves mobility and decreased muscle rigidity and tremors

111
Q

Dopamine Precursors-Carbidopa-Levodopa

nursing repsosiblites -s/e
Psychological reactions

Parkinson’s meds

A

s/e- nausea vomiting, orthostatic hypotension

Psychological reactions- hallucinations and vivid dreams

112
Q

Dopamine Agonists-Ropinirole//Pramipexole
mimics/increases
equals

How does it work??
Parkinson’s meds

A

Mimics role of dopamine in brain and increases effects of levodopa,

which equals a reduction of symptom fluctuation

113
Q

Dopamine Agonists-Ropinirole//Pramipexole

nursing repsobilites

Parkinson’s meds

A

Can cause compulsive behaviors

114
Q

Anticholinergics-Benztropine

blocks
used to ease

how does it work

Parkinson’s meds

A

Blocks excitatory action of acetylcholine ,

used to ease side effects like drooling, tremors and rigiity

115
Q

Anticholinergics-Benztropine
nursing responsibilities

mouth
can have
changes
assess for
increase
check

Parkinson’s meds

A

Dry mouth,

can have. Urinary retention

mentation changes

assess for other meds that have anticholinergic effect

inc fluids

check I and o

116
Q

Parkinson’s preventative measure of complications

A

Malnutrition,

falls,

skin breakdown,

constipation,

safety

117
Q

parkinsons education

how to
take
incrase
slow
limit
increase

A

how to improve sleep

take meds

increase protein

slow positional changes

limit alcohohol

increase fluids

118
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

what is->rapid
muscle
aka
incidence

A

Rapid progressive and fatal degenerative neurologic disease

Muscle weakness and wasting, fatigue

AKA lou Gehrigs disease

Incidence high in men vs women, middle to late age

119
Q

survival after onset

ALS

A

2-5 years dt repository failure and decreased repository function

120
Q

complications of ALS

A

communication dysfunction

, muscle dysfunction needed for respiratory support

swallowing issues

121
Q

ALS- Musculoskeletal Manifestations

A

fatigue,

progressive muscle weakness,

twitching of muscles

122
Q

ALS- Respiratory Manifestations

A

difficultly clearing airway,

complications such as pneumonia, respiratory failure and often death is due to decreased function

123
Q

ALS- Nutritional Manifestations

A

difficulty chewing,

aphasia

ultimately malnutrition

124
Q

ALS-
emotional
Manifestations

A

 loss of control can lead to depression

125
Q

goals for als

A

r/t decreasing complications r/t respiratory status & mobility

126
Q

Risk for disuse syndrome ALS

at risk for
altered
cannot move

A

At risk for developing problems associated with bedrest

Altered nutrition and hydration status

Cannot move and reposition self, at risk for  risk for breakdown, reposition every 2 hours

127
Q

Stroke/CVA

Emergency condition->results from

A

neurologic deficits result from sudden decrease in blood flow to area of brain

128
Q

risk factors for stroke/cva

A

Hypertension,

a fib,

hyperlipidemia,

sleep apnea,

smoking,

family history,

obesity

129
Q

Ischemic stroke

thrombotic
stenosis
embolic

A

Thrombotic-blockage dt blood clot fat,

stenosis dt plaque

embolic stroke dt a fib

130
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

blood vessel ruptures,

spilling blood into surrounding area

131
Q

what is used for stroke when looking for blocking/ hemorrhage

132
Q

Manifestations stroke

onset
left hemisphere
right hemisphere
FAST
glucose->

A

Sudden in onset, focal and usually one-sided
Left hemisphere– right sided deficits, drifts
Right hemisphere- left sided deficits , drifts

FAST- Face, Arm, Speech (aphasia), Time-quick assessment, monitor repository status, pulse ox and treat as needed

Low glucose can mimic sign of stroke

133
Q

Visual Complications:

Hemianopia
Homonymous Hemianopia

Complications Related to Stroke

A

Hemianopia- Loss of half of visual field of one or both eyes

Homonymous Hemianopia- visual loss in the same half of the visual field of each eye

134
Q

Cognitive & behavioral Complications:

agnosia->

Consciousness:
loss
decreased
poor

Complications Related to Stroke

A

Agnosia-> inability to identify objects or people

Memory loss,

decreased attention,

poor judgemen

135
Q

behavior changes->

Consciousness->

Complications Related to Stroke

A

Inability to control emotions

Consciousness-> ranging from mild – coma

136
Q

Aphasia-
inability
common
Communication Disorders
Complications Related to Stroke

A

inability to use or understand language;

common with CVA

137
Q

Expressive
can
can only

Communication Disorders
Complications Related to Stroke

A
  • can understand what is being said,

can only respond verbally in short phrases and can be garbled

138
Q

Receptive
cant
speech
Communication Disorders
Complications Related to Stroke

A
  • can not understand spoken world or written word,

speech is fluent but inappropriate in content

139
Q

Mixed/global-
dysfunction

Communication Disorders
Complications Related to Stroke

A

dysfunction in both understanding and expression

140
Q

stroke may cause
change in

Elimination Disorders
Complications Related to Stroke

A

Stroke may cause loss of sensation that trigger elimination

Change in bowel elimination –watch bowel regimen and if they need anything

141
Q

Urinary frequency, urgency or incontinence –

offer
how often/why

A

offer means of urinary elimination via urinal, commode

– do this every 2 hrs to make urinary schedule and prevent skin breakdown

142
Q

Stroke interrupts
produces

Motor Deficits
Complications related to Stoke

A

Stroke interrupts component of relay system

produce effects to opposite side in which structure/condition occurs

143
Q

Hemiplegia

Hemiparesis

Complications related to Stoke

A

Hemiplegia- paralysis of left or right side of body

Hemiparesis- weakness of left or right side of body

144
Q

Assistive device safety

Complications related to Stoke

A

how to move walker,

how to move weak/affected side first followed by strong side

145
Q

Neglect syndrome- cannot

interventions-utilize/ promote/ dressing
Complications related to Stoke

A

cannot integrate and use perceptions from affected side of body

Interventions:
utilize and encourage unaffected side use
Promote use of assistive devices
Dressing-dress affected side first

146
Q

Diagnosis stroke

A

Complete history and physical- neuro exam

ct scan

147
Q

Medications stroke
used to treat
gabapentin

A

used to treat during acute phase, to prevent further thrombosis, increase cerebral blood flow

gabapentin can be given to prevent seuizures

148
Q

Fibrinolytic therapy- TPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

converts
given
need
contraindicated

A

Converts plasmogin to plasmin resulting in breaking of the clot

Given within.3 hrs of onset

Need a ct scan to confirm its not hemorrhagic

Contraindicated in recent head injury

149
Q

surgery for stroke

helps
repair
removal

A

help restore blood flow,

repair vascular damage,

removal of clot

150
Q

Medication management & Prevention

what drugs
drugs do what
Nursing considerations????
daily
prevent seizures w/

stroke

A

Clopidogrel //ticlopidine

Drugs to prevent clot formation/vessel occlusion

Nursing considerations???? Look for bleeding, epistaxis,

Daily low dose aspirin

Prevent Seizures- Gabapentin

151
Q

Stroke nursing education

exercises
use what adl
check
bladder
sit eating
keep

A

ROM exercises

use unaffected arms for aDL

check for pocketing of food

bladder training with kegels

sit upright when eaating

keep objects on unaffected side

152
Q

Conjunctivitis-
what is it

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

inflammation of conjunctiva

153
Q

Conjunctivitis-
diagnosis

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

culture and sensitivity

Fluorescein stain

Conjunctival scraping

154
Q

Conjunctivitis-why is accurate diagnosis important

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

important be use other potentially vision threatening conditions can cause red eyes

155
Q

Conjunctivitis-health promotion
wash
do nont
avoid
contact
when inflamed

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

wash hands before administering meds

do not share towels or makeup

avoid rubbing/scrathing

contact lens care

reduce lighting and wear sunglasses and dont use contact when onflammed

156
Q

Cataracts-what is it

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

clouding of lens of eye

157
Q

Cataracts manifestations
color
visual
difficulty

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

color discrimination is impaired

visual acuity down, affecting close and distance

difficulty adjusting to dark/light

158
Q

Cataracts
c
a
t
a
r
a
c

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

Congenital

Aging

Toxicity

Accidents

Radiation

Altered metabolism

Cigarette smoking

159
Q

cataracts post surgery

eye
do not
place in
avoid

A

eye patches/sheilds

do not touch/ scratch/ squeeze

place in semi/ fowlers

avoid coughing, sneezing, straining

160
Q

Glaucoma-what is it

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

optic neuropathy

increase intraocular pressure

161
Q

Glaucoma-open angle manifestaitons

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

Open-angle glaucoma is painless, with gradual loss of visual fields

162
Q

Glaucoma-closed angle manifestaitons
pain
/
colored
abrupt

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

eye pain

nausea vomiting

colored halos

abrupt decrease in visual acuity

163
Q

Glaucoma-diangoses

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

tonometry

Fundoscopy

Gonioscopy

Visual field testing

164
Q

Macular Degeneration-what is it

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

degeneration of retina

165
Q

Macular Degeneration-manfiestations
central
straight
initially

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

central vision is blurry

straight lines appear wavy/ distorted

initially is one eye

166
Q

Macular Degeneration-nursing care
large
increase
magnify
visual

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

large print

increase lighting

magnifying glass

visual aids

167
Q

Macular Degeneration-health promotion
reduce risk w
quit
vitamins

Eye Conditions/Disorders

A

reduce risk w/ omega 3

quit smoking

vitamins c and e slow progression

168
Q

Retinal Detachment-

seperation
or

A

Separation of the retina of the eye from the pigmented vascular layer

Trauma or spontaneously

169
Q

Retinal Detachment
Manifestations

A

floaters,

spots,

curtain is drawn across visual fields

170
Q

Early intervention
vital
will need
Retinal Detachment- overview

A

vital to preserve sight,

will need surgery

171
Q

Positioning the patient-eyedissorder

important
lateral
position so

A

important until intervention can take place!

Lateral positioning on affected side

Position so affected eye is inferior- this allows posterior portion of eye to place pressure on detached area; bringing retina closer in

172
Q

Otitis externa

inflammation
most prevelant

A

inflammation of the ear canal, “swimmer’s ear”

_most prevalent in people who spent a lot of time in water

173
Q

Otitis externa

etiology

A

Bacterial infection

, fungal infection,

local hypersensitivity reaction,

trauma

174
Q

Otitis externa
Manifestations:

A

Feeling of fullness in ear,

pain,

drainage,

inflamed and edematous ear canal

175
Q

Otitis externa
Treatment:

cleansing
anti
meds

A

Cleansing ear canal,

local or systemic antibiotics,

meds for pain/itching may have topical steriod__

176
Q

Otitis media:

middle ear
commonly
infection
dysfunction

A

inflammation or infection of middle ear,

most commonly in infants and children

Upper respiratory infection

eustachian tube dysfunction

177
Q

Serous otitis media

auditory tube
impairing

A

auditory tube is obstructed for prolonged time,

impairing pressure equalization(popping in ear)

178
Q

Acute otitis media-
edema
prevents
causing

A

edema of auditory tube

prevents drainage of middle ear

causing mucus and fluids to accumulate

179
Q

Otitis media- manifestations

A

Mild to severe pain

Elevated temperature

Diminished hearing, dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus

Tympanic membrane red and inflamed or dull and bulging

180
Q

Otitis media- treatment

A

Short course of steroids

Antibiotics- finish course

Symptomatic treatment: analgesics, antipyretics

Surgery

181
Q

Mastoiditis-
Mastoid process

A

portion of the temporal bone that lies adjacent to the middle ear. Contains the mastoid sinuses.

182
Q

Mastoiditis-

infection
effective
if treatment is ineffective

A

Infection of acute otitis media generally extends into the mastoid sinuses.

Effective treatment of otitis media usually eliminates infection of the mastoid sinuses.

If treatment is ineffective = acute mastoiditis

183
Q

Mastoiditis- Manifestations
develop when

recurrent
tenderness
possible
others

A

usually develop 2-3 weeks after an episode of acute otitis media

Recurrent earache and loss of hearing

Tenderness over mastoid process,

possible redness and inflammation

Fever, tinnitus, headache, profuse ear drainage

184
Q

mastoiditis treatment

A

Aggressive antibiotic therapy

Mastoidectomy if at high risk for spread of infection to the brain

185
Q

Meniere’s Disease-
manifestations

A

; vertigo,

unilateral hearing loss,

tinnitus

186
Q

Meniere’s Disease-

Treatment/Medications-
rest
diet
meds
surgery

A

Bedrest during vertigo attacks, safety/help

Low sodium diet to reduce pressure

Medications- diuretics, depressant, antivertigo/antiemetic

Surgery- shunt to eliminate pressure

d- health alteration lp7 (7 decks)

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