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d- health alteration lp7 > lp 7- immune / hemtology > Flashcards

lp 7- immune / hemtology Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood made up from

A

plasma,

solutes,

RBCs,

WBCs,

platelets

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2
Q

Hematopoietic

bone marrow function
originate

A

bone marrow tissues (where blood cells are formed)

-all cells originate in bone marrow

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3
Q

lymphoid tissues

what does

A

white blood cells mature & circulate)

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4
Q

Red blood cells

aka

shape

what does shape do

A

AKA erythrocytes- most common

biconcave disks

  • allows cells to pass through small capillaries without disrupting cell membrane
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5
Q

Duty of RBCs & Hemoglobin

transport

excretion

A

Transport O2 to body tissues

Carbon dioxide excretion

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6
Q

normal levels of RBC/hemoglobin

in women/men

A

Normal levels are Hemoglobin-

(12-16 Women)

(13.5-18-men)

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7
Q

Anemia

A

low Blood cell count

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8
Q

Polycythemia

A

–High blood cell count

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9
Q

Erythropoiesis

production starts/end where

how long does it take

A

RBC production

Production starts in bone marrow

ends in blood/spleen

takes 3-5 days

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10
Q

What stimulates RBC production

when that occurs…

___ stimulates

A

tissue hypoxia

When this occurs, Kidneys release erythropoietin

erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC’

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11
Q

lifespan of rbc

A

Lifespan of 120 days

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12
Q

hemolysis-what is it

converted/ what is it/ where goes

A

Old damaged RBCs are lysed (damaged) by phagocytes

Lysed RBCs are converted into bilirubin

bilirubin( orange/yellow pigment that bilirubin is removed by liver

which is then excreted out

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13
Q

If someone has impaired liver function/disease process

causes
means
causes

A

, this causes increases hemolysis,

which means bilirubin will be accumulated into serum

causes jaundice

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14
Q

WBC

AKA
where come from
what is duty

A

leukocytes

Come from stem cells in bone marrow

Duty?- Defense against microorganisms

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15
Q

normal levels of WBC

A

(4000-11,000

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16
Q

Leukopenia

A

lower WBc count

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17
Q

Leukocytosis

A

higher WBc count

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18
Q

Granular Leukocytes

what are they
3 types

A

Mature fully in bone marrow, then release into blood stream

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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19
Q

Neutrophils

active
first
increases
immature
lifespan

A

active phagocyte-

first cell to arrive to site of injury-

increases during inflammation-

immature forms will be released during inflammation/infection-

10 hr lifespan

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20
Q

Eosinophils

found
increase

A

found in large numbers of mucosa of intestines and lungs-

increase during allergic reaction or parasitic infestations

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21
Q

Basophils

contain
which do what

A

contain inflammatory mediators

which increase during allergic or inflammatory reactions.

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22
Q

Non-Granular Leukocytes

enter

active part

2 types

A

Enter bloodstream before fully mature

Active part in: inflammatory & Immune responses

2 types-monocytes, lymphocytes

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23
Q

platelets

aka
formed
live for how long

A

AKA Thrombocytes

Formed in bone marrow-

live for 10 days

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24
Q

duty of platelets

release
produce

A

Release mediators required for CLOTTING

Produce ATP

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25
Q

normal levels of platelets

A

Normal levels are 150,000-400,000

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26
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

excessive amountof platelets

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27
Q

Thrombocytopenia

risk

A

deficient amount

risk for injury dt bleeding, petechiae, ecchymosis

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28
Q

Anemia

A

abnormally low RBC count/ low hemoglobin concentration

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29
Q

Duty of RBCs & Hemoglobin

anemia –leads to

A

Transport O2 to body tissues & Carbon dioxide excretion

Anemia- reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood-leads to hypoxia

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30
Q

Body can compensate and be asymptomatic; if not and symptoms do arise

symtoms

anemia

A

Pallor; skin, mucous membranes, nail beds

Heart and resp rate increases

Tissue hypoxia; angina, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion

Bone pain

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31
Q

Blood Loss Anemia

caused from
circulating bv->

A

Anemia caused from acute/chronic blood loss

Circulating blood volume decrease  cardiac output falls

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32
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for blood loss anemia

A

heart rate increases,

blood vessels constricts,

fluid shift from interstical space to vascular space to help maintain fluid volume

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33
Q

Acute blood loss-when return to normal

A

Return to normal 3-4 weeks

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34
Q

Chronic blood loss-

iron store

microcytic

hypochromic

A
  • iron store eventually depleted; RBCs ->

microcytic(small rbc)

& hypochromic ( pale RBC)

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35
Q

what are nutritional keys to RBC development

A

Iron

Protein, vitamins, minerals

B 12 and folate specifically

Vit C & Vit E

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36
Q

what are Nutrient Deficits causes

A

inadequate diet,

malabsorption,

increase need for nutrients

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37
Q

Iron- Deficiency Anemia
most
increases
cause by

A

Most common type of anemia

Risk factors increase with age,

Cause developed when supply of iron is inadequate for optimal rbc formation

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38
Q

iron deficiency anemia

may result from
defiecneies
decreased
increased
loss/excessive
chronic

A

Dietary deficiencies

Decreased absorption

Increased metabolic requirements

Blood loss /excessive bleeding

Chronic hemoglobinuria

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39
Q

manifestations for iron defunct anemia

A

Brittle spoon shaped nails,

sore tongue,

cheilosis-cracked mouth

pica-unusual taste

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40
Q

Treatment: iron deficiency anemia

A

High iron diet-chicken, beef, egg yolk, brown rice

dietary supplements causes an increase in H&H

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41
Q

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency Anemia

occurs
failure
lack of

A

Occurs when B 12 is not consumed or absorbed

Failure to absorb  is called Pernicious anemia

Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption

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42
Q

Who is at risk for vitamin b12 anemia

A

pts who have had stomach resection.

, chronic gastritis

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43
Q

manifestations of vitamin b 12 Deficiency anemia

A

Pallor,

smooth sore beefy red tongue,

neurologic symptoms- paresthesia; numbness & tingling/pain of extremities

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44
Q

Treatment -Vitamin B 12 Deficiency Anemia

dietary sources
treatment
b12 found where

A

Dietary sources of B-12- Eggs, liver, milk, shrimp, cheese

Treatment B-12 injection

B12 is almost exclusively found in food derived from animals

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45
Q

Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia

folicacid is needed for
found in

A

Needed for normal maturation of RBCs

found in Inadequate dietary intake, increased metabolic needs, malabsorption, impaired metabolism

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46
Q

who is at risk Folic acid deficiency anemia

A

__older adults,

drug/alcohol issues,

pregnancy,

children dt increased metabolic needs/meds

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47
Q

Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
Manifestations

similar
difference

A

Similar to anemia, and B 12- (pallor SOB, heart palpations) -

> difference though? Is folic acid does not have neurologic symptoms

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48
Q

Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia

Strongly associated with

A

Neural Tube Defects;

spina bifida- Prenatal vitamin

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49
Q

Folic acid anemia

treatment

nutrition

A

supplemental folic acid

nutrition- broccoli, Brussel sprouts, citrus, ceralacche, peas, beans, green veggies

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50
Q

Hemolytic Anemias

characterized by

A

Characterized by premature destruction of RBCs

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51
Q

Hemolytic Anemias
causes
causes can be

A

Causes:
RBC cell membrane defect
, HgB structure defects (Thalassemia, sickle cell),
Mechanical damage,
drugs/chemicals,
bacteria and other infections

Causes can be
intrinsic(disorder within rbc) or
extrinsic(disorder outside of rbc

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52
Q

Thalassemia

inherited
leads to
causing

A

Inherited disorder hemoglobin synthesis is incomplete meaning it is missing a molecule

Leads to deficient HgB production,->

causing fragile, microcytic, hypochromic characteristics to rbc

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53
Q

Hemolytic Anemias
can be
can cause
manifestations

A

Can be asymptomatic

Can cause Mild to moderate anemia

Manifestations->splenomegaly, brown skin color, bone marrow hypoplasia

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54
Q

Hemolytic Anemias

Accumulation of iron, following repeated transfusions…

A

leads to failure of major failure such as heart/liver

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55
Q

Hemolytic Anemias treatment

A

: Blood transfusions,

folic acid supplements,

splenectomy,

genetic counseling

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56
Q

Sickle cell anemia

what is
characterized by
can be

A

Hereditary

Characterized by episodes of sickling where rBC become crescent shaped

can be acute or chronic

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57
Q

sickle cell anemia patho

A

These will clump together and obstruct capillary blood flow, causing ischemia and possible infarction to surrounding tissue.

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58
Q

Symptoms of sickle cell

A

-pallor,

fatigue,

jaundice,

irritability,

and pain(when RBC clump together)

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59
Q

Aplastic Anemia-

bone marrow
leading to
replaced
will see
develops

A

Bone marrow fails to produce all three types of blood cells

leading to pancytopenia

Normal bone marrow is replaced by fat

Will see low count of RBC,WBC and platelets.

Anemia develops as bone marrows fails to replace

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60
Q

Manifestations aplastic anemia

A

Vary with severity of pancytopenia

Pallor, weakness, exertional dyspnea, headache…tachycardia, heart failure

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61
Q

anemia

goal
interventions
treatment

A

Goal- Ensure adequate tissue oxygenation

interventions- pace activités, encourage rest

TDB- withdrawal of causative agent, blood transfusions, bone marrow transplant

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62
Q

CBC- what looking for

Anemia- Diagnosis

A

blood cell count,

H&H,

severity of anemia,

shape,

volume,

and can help determine cause of anemia

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63
Q

iron-why

Anemia- Diagnosis

A

performed to detect iron deficiency anemia

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64
Q

Serum Ferritin-

low due to
reserves

Anemia- Diagnosis

A

low due to total depletion

iron reserves available for iron synthesis.

65
Q

HgB electrophoresis-
seperates
used
diagnosis

Anemia- Diagnosis

A

separates normal hemoglobin from abnormal,

used to evaluate hemolytic anemia

, and to diagnose thalassemia

66
Q

Schilling Test

what is it
helps determine

Anemia- Diagnosis

A
  • 24 hr urine sample to measure b12 absorption, before and after intrinsic administration

. Helps determine between pernicious anemia and intestinal malabsorption of vitamin

67
Q

Bone Marrow Examination-

diagnoses
if present then

Anemia- Diagnosis

A

diagnose aplastic anemia.

If this is present then normal levels are decreased as they are replaced by fat.

68
Q

Iron Sources- anemia meds

given how
oral given w/
dont take w/
take w/
stools
increase

A

Given orally, iv, im

Oral is given with orange juice- helps enhance absorption-drink w/ straw to avoid teeth straining

Don’t take iron w/ milk-decreased absorption

If taken with food it’ll help decrease gi upset

Stools may be dark in color or black-can mask blood in stool

Increase fluids and fiber to decrease constipation

69
Q

Vitamin B 12-anemia meds

given
do not
pts mat feel
taken for life

A

Given orally, subq or im

Do not expose medication to light, because it’ll compromise medication

Pts may feel burning sensation on administration -normal

Pernicious anemia=taken for life

70
Q

Folic Acid Sources-anemia meds

given how
large doses
excessive
do not

A

Iv, subq, oral

Large doses causes urine to become darker

Excessive alcohol intake increases need for folic acid

Do not mix with other medications

71
Q

Polycythemia-

aka

excess

hematocrit

A

“Erythrocytosis”

Excess amount of RBC’s –

hematocrit higher then 55%

72
Q

primary Polycythemia

what is it
cause

A

overproduction of rbcs

Cause- unknown

73
Q

primary Polycythemia

Manifestations-

A

inc blood volume->
hypertension,
dizziness
, headache

, inc blood viscosity,
inc risk for thrombosis,

74
Q

Treatment- Polycythemia

A

phlebotomy removing 300-500 mls of blood to keep blood volume/viscosity within normal limits. ,

chemo to suppress marrow production

, prevent stasis-Thrombosis-> Elevate legs when sitting to prevent blood stasis

75
Q

Secondary Polycythemia-

cause
manifestation
treatment

A

Cause- response to excess erythropoietin, due to prolonged hypoxia

Manifestations similar to primary

Treatment- Phlebotomy, treatment underlying cause

76
Q

Mononucleosis-

invasion by
affects
mode of transmission
incubation period

A

Invasion of B cells in oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue by the Epstein- Barr Virus

Affects Young adults 15-30

Mode of transmission Saliva

Incubation period 4-8 weeks

77
Q

Mononucleosis- manifestations

A

headache,

malaise,

fever

, fatigue,

sore throat,

enlarged lymph nodes

78
Q

mononucleosis
labs

increased
elevation
low

A

Increased lymphocytes & monocytes,

WBC elevation later,

platelets low

79
Q

mononucleosis
recovery

can be
fatigue lasts

A

can be in 2-3 weeks,

fatigue can last up to 3 months

80
Q

mononucleosis

treatment

A

Bedrest

pain control

frequent rest periods

81
Q

Thrombocytopenia-

platelet count

decline leads to

A

Platelet Count less than 100,000

Decline of less than 20,000/mL can lead to hemorrhage

82
Q

Thrombocytopenia

bleeding

causes

A

Bleeding dt platelet deficiency occurs in small vessels

Petechiae & purpura-rash

83
Q

Causes Thrombocytopenia-\

immune-what happens

micro-what happens

drug-what happens

A

: immune response-body destroys platelets

microcirculation issues- platelets clump together

drug induced(heparin therapy)- abnormal response to heperin

84
Q

Thrombocytopenia- Diagnosis

A

CBC,

platelet,

Bone marrow examination,

history/ manifestations

85
Q

Thrombocytopenia - treatment

meds
treatment
surgery-

A

meds-glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive drugs, withdrawal of heparin therapy

treatmentPlatelet transfusion

surgery-Splenectomy

86
Q

Splenectomy-

spleen is site of
what’s altered
pts need to be at caution

A

Spleen is site of Platelet destruction and antibody production

Platelet destruction and immune function altered

-pts need to be at caution for infection,

87
Q

Nursing Interventions to include:

Thrombocytopenia-

reduce risk
risk
promote
assessing
assessing

A

Reduce risk of bleeding,

risk of injury dt bleeding tendencies,

promote oral membrane health,

-assessing mouth and encouraging soft toothbrush,

assessing for evidence of peticular areas or bruising.

88
Q

Type a

antigens

antibodies

A

blood has a antigens

has B antibodies

89
Q

Type b

antigens

antibodies

A

has b antigens

A antibodies

90
Q

Type ab

antigens

antibodies
universal

A

both a and b antigens

no antibodies

(Universal recipient

91
Q

Type o

antigens

antibodies

universal

A

no antigens

Both antibodies

(Universal Donor

92
Q

antigen d

if have
if not have

A

If have antigen d then rH +

If not have antigen d then rH -

93
Q

Blood Transfusions-

watch-if non

reactions seen when

A

Watch for any agglutination, if non occurs then blood ins compatible

Reactions- most likely to be seen within first 15 minutes of administration

94
Q

Reactions to blood manifestations

A

Fever, chills, hives, flushing, lumbar pain

nursing responsibilities-stop the blood, medicate and send blood to be analyzed.

95
Q

Innate Immune Response

aka
first
3 barriers

A

AKA Natural immune response

First line of defense against infection

3 barriers:
Skin- Barrier protection
Mucous membranes Barrier
Body Fluids

96
Q

Breach of these defenses ->

what is it

A

Inflammation-

response to injury,

brings fluid and blood cells to area in which damage/invasion has occurred

97
Q

Adaptive Immune Response-

what is it
when will develop

2 types

A

More specific immune response-

when innate response is not enough and will develop over time

2 types- Antibody Mediated & Cell Mediated

98
Q

Adaptive Immune Response-

directed at
specific
response
has what

A

Directed at materials recognized as foreign

Specific- initiated and directed at specific antigens

Response is systemic compared to localized

Has memory- repeated exposure= more rapid response

99
Q

Anti-body Mediated

cells create
produced by
_ cells activated
when in contact
rapid response

A

cells create antibodies to fight against antigens

Produced by B cells

B Cells are activated by contact with an antigen

When in contact; cell changes into antibody producing & memory cells

Rapid response if antigen is encountered again

100
Q

Cell-Mediated

secretes
antibodies
initaited
antigen
T cells

A

–secretes cytokines,

and antibodies will attack pathogen

Initiated by T cells

Antigen specific and that antigen must be present on another cells surface

T cells then form antigen specific clones

101
Q

Immunity-

A

protection of the body from disease

102
Q

Active immunity

A
  • Occurs when the body produces antibodies or develops immune lymphocytes against specific antigen
103
Q

Active-
artificial
natural

A

Vaccines- provide artificial acquired immunity

Infection with pathogen- Chickenpox (Natural)

104
Q

Passive immunity

A
  • Provides temporary protection against disease producing antigens
105
Q

PassiveIMMUNITY

artificial
natural

A

Artificial- Acquired by admin of antibodies or antitoxins in immune globulin –glamalgobin injection following hep a exposure

Natural- transfer of maternal antibodies via placenta, breastmilk

106
Q

Diagnosis for immunity is used for what

A

Used to assess the patients immune status

107
Q

Serum protein
decreased/noted

diagnosis immunity

A

decreased levels noted with immune deficiency.

108
Q

Antibody Testing-

Titer
negative titer indicated

diagnosis immunity

A

Titer: Example is Varicella Zoster (Chicken Pox)

Negative Titer Indicates: there has never been an infection with Varicella Zoster virus and person is susceptible to chicken pox virus

109
Q

Skin Testing/prick testing
antigen where
site assessed for
if you see__ means exposure

diagnosis immunity

A

– antigen is injected intradermally

site is assessed for induration, redness, swelling,

If see induration/pruritic wheal/erythema this will indicate there has been exposure.

110
Q

Vaccines

suspension

given why?

local reactions

A

Suspension that are treated to make them nonpathogenic

Given why? To gain immunity

Local reactions- redness, swelling, tenderness, muscle aches,

111
Q

Vaccines

Health promotion/education

nurse safety

A

Health Promotion education and reinforce importance of immunizations.

Nurse safety – use dominant arm for administration, clean off site, and have epi pen for anaphylaxis/ allergic reaction

112
Q

Immune System- Allergy

hypersensitivity ->
when environmental
tissue response

A

Hypersensitivity- immune response that results in harm to patient

When environmental this is called an allergy

Tissue response mild to severe

113
Q

Anaphylaxis

manifestations
begins when
new meds-assess

A
  • Tachycardia, Hypotension

Begins within minutes of exposure to antigen

New medication admin- watch for reactions-assess 30 minutes after administration of medications- always re

114
Q

Latex Allergy

simple
always have

A

simple irritant that can cause dermatitis,

Always have nonsterile, non latex gloves readily available

115
Q

Allergy- Diagnosis & Treatment

A

Blood Testing – used to identify allergens/ hypersensitivity to allergens.

Skin Testing –pin prick, intradermal antigen directly into skin,

Food Allergy Testing –keep dietary log,

116
Q

Treatment- allergy

meds

A

antihistamines,

steroids for inflammatory response,

epi pen

117
Q

Subjective data collection:

allergies

A

what’s causing this,

what medications are they on,

treatments,

OTC medications,

when/time of year do allergies happen ,

other family members, have they had other allergies in the past

118
Q

Treatment of allergic reaction

avoid
explain
meds
see

A

avoid scratching area,- wear long sleeve with neck to avoid scratching

explain use of steroids

topical relief medications

see a alergist

119
Q

Teaching allergies

see who
do what
directions
information

A

Allergist

Dietary

Epi Pen directions/instructions

Hereditary information
children with parents that have allergies are more prone to allergies

120
Q

Cancer

what is it
incidence/mortality
keys to treatment

A

Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

Incidence and mortality- causes 25% of deaths, second most common cause of death

Prevention, early detection and treatment-key to treatments

121
Q

Cancer- AD
what is it
essential
hospice

A

Advance Directives

Essential for individuals with poor prognosis

Hospice- Not only for patient but also family

122
Q

Cancer Risk Factors

A

Heredity
Age—75% diagnosed after age 55
Gender
Poverty
Stress
Diet
Occupation
Infection
Tobacco Use
Alcohol Use
Recreational Drug Use
Obesity
Sun

123
Q

Malignant neoplasm cancer

i
N
no
growth

A

Invasive

Noncohesive

No borders

Rapid growth

124
Q

Benign
where is it
defined
removed
reoccurrence

A

Localized

Well defined- capsulated

Easily removed,

minimal reoccurrence

125
Q

Metastasis

definition
common sites

A

Definition—malignant cells from primary tumor travel to other tissues and organs

Common Sites bone, lymph , liver, brain

126
Q

Cancer Consequences-Altered GI function

o/c
change in
change in
change in
A

A

Obstruction/compression

Change in metabolic rate

Change in digestion

Change in taste

Anorexia

127
Q

Cancer Consequences

impaired

infection

A

Impaired immune and hematopoietic function

Leukopenia – Infection

128
Q

Your patient is on neutropenic precautions….now what?

no
avoid
perform
stop

A

No fresh flowers in the room

avoid eating unwashed fruits/vegetables

Perform hand hygiene before touching

stop visitors who appear ill

129
Q

Anorexia/Cachexia

no
syndrome
remove

A

No appetite,

wasting syndrome

Remove odors or anything that is unpleasent

130
Q

Cancer-
infection-avoid

can cause(A/T/H)

A

Infection: avoid contact with infectious processes d/t compromised immune system

can cause Anemia

can cause Thrombocytopenia

can cause Hemorrhage

131
Q

Pain in cancer

A

Can be acute/ chronic

132
Q

Motor and/or sensory deficits

compression
change
invasion

Cancer Consequences

A

Compression of nerves

Change in cognitive function

Invasion of bones

133
Q

Physical and Psychological stress

want
get pt

Cancer Consequences

A

Want pt to Express feelings, give lots of encouragement

Get pt to open up with Open ended questions and , therapeutic communication

134
Q

surgery-types

Treatment of Cancers

A

Prophylactic—removal of a breast based on genetic findings

Diagnostic

Primary treatment

Reconstruction/rehabilitation

Palliative

135
Q

Treatment of cancers

C-therapy
R-therapy
B-therapy
P-therapy
transplants

A

Chemotherapy

Radiation Therapy

Biotherapy

Photodynamic Therapy

Stem Cell Transplant

136
Q

Mucous membranes
monitor for
oral pain complaints-

Chemotherapy- Side Effects

A

Monitor Mucous membranes for stomatitis

Oral pain complaints:
Assess, evaluate, then treat,
may need topical analgesic,
teach to avoid alcohol bases mouthwashes

137
Q

Hair

Chemotherapy- Side Effects

A
  • alopecia

– loss of hair

138
Q

Bone marrow suppression

causes
allow
protect
prevent

Chemotherapy- Side Effects

A

(causes anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia)

allow lots of rest

protect from illness- immunocompromised way from people with illness

prevent too much activity

139
Q

Fatigue & Anemia

caused from
promote
activity intolerance

Chemotherapy- Side Effects

A

Caused from : decrease of erythrocytes (rbc)

Promote: rest, quiet activities,

Activity Intolerance: pace activities to how they are tolerating

140
Q

Nausea and Vomiting

Nursing Interventions:
diet
liquids/food
high
low
minimize

Chemotherapy – Side effects

A

Bland diets,
cold liquids/foods,
high protein
low volume substances,
minimize odors

Movement; avoid laying flat

141
Q

Chemo- Pharmacological management

non pharm

A

Pharm:
give iv fluids
Antiemetic before meals

non pharm:
Attention diversion –phone, tv , visitors, etc

142
Q

Radiation

local treatment
s/e

A

Local treatment- Dosimetry, area marked w ink (instruct patient not to wash off markings)

Side effects- Burns

143
Q

Radiation internal

implant
__or__
radioactive material
radioactive substance

A

Implant- radiation source implanted

temporary or permanent

Radioactive material is injected directly into tumor/body cavity

radioactive substance may transmit outside of body or into body fluids

144
Q

radiation internal
Nursing Responsibilities

room
visitors
sit
instruct
asses
avoid

A

private room,

limit visitors,

sit away from pt,

instruct visitors to sit away.

Asses surrounding tissues,

avoid contanct with pregnant women

145
Q

radiation internal
Patient and Family Teaching

dispose
avoid

A

dispose of urine in special containers,

avoid close contanct

146
Q

Radiation external

what do
site

how often per week
how long does it take
for how long total

A

Marked;

pinpoint site of radiation,

treatment usually 5 days per week,

15-30 minutes

, 2-7 weeks

147
Q

Radiation external
Nursing Responsibilities r/t to skin care

looking for

assess

A

looking for redness/peeling, - normal,

assess skin changes and mucous membranes

148
Q

Education for radiation
risk for infection-wash with/no /dont want/ dont put
care

Education for patient and family

A

Risk for infection –washing skin that is red/peeling with plain water, no soaps or lotions, don’t want them to scrub or scratch it. Do not want heat/cold on areas.

Skin care

149
Q

3 Types of Pain - treatments of cancer

and goals

A

tumor

treatment

noncancer pain

Goals: establish what idea is prior to treatment

150
Q

Medication Administration cancer

acting
careful administration ->

A

Long Acting/short acting

Careful administration  metabolism (what do they have cancer of, where is medication metabolized

151
Q

pain meds for cancer treatment

meds can
assess before

A

a lot of meds can decrease respiratory rate/drive –

assess repository rate and sp02 before giving meds.

152
Q

Cancer prevention

avoid:
carcinogen examples
associated factor examples:

A

Avoid carcinogens
SMOKING, industrial (asbestos), foundries, radiation

Avoid associated factors
Alcohol, obesity, lack of exercise

153
Q

C
CAUTION-seven warning signs of cancer

A

– Change in bowel or bladder habits. This is a common sign of colorectal cancer

154
Q

A
CAUTION-seven warning signs of cancer

A

– A sore that does not heal in a normal amount of time. If located on the skin or in the mouth, skin cancer or oral cancer could be the cause. Asymmetrical and irregular boarder lesion

155
Q

U
CAUTION-seven warning signs of cancer

A

Unusual bleeding or discharge. Any bleeding from the bladder, vagina, or rectum could mean prostate, cervical, or colorectal cancer, postmenopausal bleeding

156
Q

T
CAUTION-seven warning signs of cancer

A

Thickening of breast tissue or a lump. Any thickening of tissue or a lump on the breast can be a sign of cancer. A lump on a testicle can mean testicular cancer

157
Q

I
CAUTION-seven warning signs of cancer

A

Indigestion. Indigestion and/or difficulty swallowing can be a symptom of stomach, throat, esophagus, or mouth cancer.

158
Q

O
CAUTION-seven warning signs of cancer

A

Obvious changes to moles or warts. This is the most common sign of skin cancer. Asymmetrical and irregular boarders

159
Q

N
CAUTION-seven warning signs of cancer

A

– Nagging cough. A cough that lasts for four weeks or longer can be a symptom of lung and/or throat cancer.

d- health alteration lp7 (7 decks)

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