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FOM sem 1 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 general anatomical features of the brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

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2
Q

what provides nutrients and cushion to the CNS

A

CSF

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3
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of and what are the respective components functions

A

thalamus = relay station for sensory and motor info
hypothalamus = regulates internal environment of the body

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4
Q

what does the metencephalon consist of and what are the components respective functions

A

cerebellum = balance, coordination, fine tuning of mvmt
pons = info flow to and flow cerebrum

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5
Q

what does the myelencephalon consist of and what are the components respective functions

A

medulla oblongata = vital reflexes e.g heart rate, breathing and salivation

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6
Q

what does the mesencephalon consist of and what are these regions respective functions

A

tectum (roof) = visual
tegmentum (floor) = auditory
cerebral peduncles = connect cortex + pons to cerebellum / connect cortex to spinal cord

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7
Q

what are the functional divisions of the NS

A

autonomic NS, somatic NS, enteric NS, sensory NS (afferent > PNS nerve endings to CNS), motor NS (efferent > CNS to PNS effectors), integrative (interneurons that combine sensory and motor info)

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8
Q

what are the functional properties of neurons

A

conductive (generate AP), excitable (respond to stimuli), secretory (neurotransmitters)

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9
Q

what is axoplasmic transport and what are the two types of it

A

it is transport of material b/w the axon terminal and soma. the types are anterograde (towards the terminals) and retrograde (towards the soma)

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10
Q

what are the functional and structural classifications of neurons

A

sensory/afferent (unipolar and pseudounipolar)
motor/efferent and interneurons (multipolar)
special senses (bipolar)

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11
Q

what are the different types of glial cells in the CNS/PNS

A

microglia (CNS)
astrocytes (CNS)
ependymal cells (CNS)
satellite cells (PNS)
schwann cells (PNS)
oligodendrocytes (CNS)

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12
Q

describe structure and function of microglia

A

defence cells, involved in inflammation

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13
Q

describe the structure and function of astrocytes

A

star shaped, provide structural support, comprise BBB, absorb and recycle NT

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14
Q

describe the structure and function of satellite cells

A

astrocyte like, support and protect nerves, control extracellular environment

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15
Q

describe the structure and function of ependymal cells

A

epithelial-like cells, produce CSF, involved in CSF circulation

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16
Q

describe the structure and function of oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin, wraps processes around axons, (they are not regenerative)

17
Q

describe the structure and function of schwann cells

A

repair and regenerate damaged nerves, myelin production, conduction of signals

18
Q

what are the components of the BBB

A

endothelial cells (tight junctions)
pericytes
basement membrane
astrocytes (podocytes)

19
Q

what is the significance of the BBB

A

protector of the CNS, regulate transport, mediator of communication, selectively permeable membrane

20
Q

What are the components of the membrane that contribute to the membrane potential

A

Plasma membrane, ions, ion channels, cytosol / extracellular fluid

21
Q

Explain how excitatory neurotransmitters work

A

Excitatory NT (e.g glutamate) binds to post synaptic receptor
Ligand gated Na+ channels open
Influx of positive ions
Becomes more positive
Closer to threshold
Increases likelihood of AP in post synaptic neuron

22
Q

Explain how inhibitory NT works

A

Inhibitory NT (e.g GABA) binds to post synaptic receptor
Ligand gated Cl- ion channels open
Influx of negative ions
More negative
Further from threshold
Reduces the likelihood of AP in post synaptic neuron

23
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Open and close in response to NT binding at ligand gated receptors
FASTER

24
Q

Metabotropic NT

A

G coupled receptors senses ligand binding > activates secondary messengers > activates other effector proteins > cascading signals in cell
SLOWER

25
Q

What are the two major branches of NT

A

Amino acid
Classical Amine

26
Q

What are the types of amino acid NT

A

Glutamate (+)
GABA (-)

27
Q

What are the types of classical amine NT

A

Norepinephrine (concentration and body temp)
Epinephrine (mental alertness, increased cardiac output)
Dopamine (euphoria)
Serotonin (mood, appetite)
Acetylcholine (two types: nicotinic which is ionotropic and muscarinic which is metabotropic)

28
Q

What are the two types of graded potentials

A

EPSP and IPSP

29
Q

Explain what EPSP is

A

Local changes (short distance) in the membrane potential of the post synaptic neuron that makes it more likely to fire an AP

Can summate > spatial summation and temporal summation

30
Q

Explain what IPSP is

A

Local changes (short distance) in the membrane potential of the post synaptic neuron which makes it less likely to fire an AP

FOM sem 1 (10 decks)

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