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FOM sem 1 > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

what is the structure of elastic arteries

A
  • large diameter
  • thick wall
  • close to heart (e.g aorta and pulmonary artery)
  • tunica media has high elastin content in numerous concentric elastic laminae, , which can stretch and recoil to propel blood
  • vasa vasorum for O2 and nutrient supply
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2
Q

what is the function of elastic arteries

A

conducting (ie they stretch in response to pulses to propel blood)

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3
Q

what is the structure of muscular arteries

A
  • tunica media has more smooth muscle (for vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
  • vasa vasorum in dense CT of tunica adventitia
  • further from heart (e.g radial, femoral, brachial arteries)
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4
Q

what is the function of muscular arteries

A

distributing (ie they draw blood from the elastic arteries and branch into resistance vessels)

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5
Q

what is the function of venous valves

A

they prevent back flow by opposing and collapsing > unidirectional flow of blood

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6
Q

describe lymphatic vessels

A
  • they start blind
  • lymph drains into lymph nodes > transported back to heart
  • have valves
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7
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

pulmonary and systemic

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8
Q

what drives blood flow

A

pressure

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9
Q

what components does the systemic circulatory system consist of

A

aorta, muscular arteries, small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, medium veins, large veins, IVC + SVC

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10
Q

what is the general wall plan of a blood vessel

A

tunica intima / tunica media / tunica adventitia

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11
Q

function of arteries

A

deliver blood from heart to tissue

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12
Q

function of veins

A

return blood from tissues to heart

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13
Q

tunica intima

A
  • innermost
  • endothelium (simple squamous epithelium, antithrombogenic)
  • basement membrane
  • CT
  • IEL
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14
Q

tunica media

A
  • middle layer (thickest in arteries)
  • smooth muscle > luminal diameter
  • elastic lamellae
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15
Q

tunica adventitia

A
  • outermost (thickest in veins)
  • fibrous CT (abundant collagen)
  • EEL
  • smooth muscle IN VEINS
  • vasa vasorum (O2 supply and nutrients)
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16
Q

what are arterioles

A

resistance vessels

  • thick wall relative to luminal diameter
  • tunica media = most prominent > varies vessel diameter > regulates blood flow through capillaries
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17
Q

what are venules

A

collect blood from capillaries

  • tunica intima reduced to only endothelium
  • thin tunica media
  • small venules have pericytes which are contractile cells that regulate blood flow through microvasculature
  • large venules have smooth muscle and CT
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18
Q

what are medium veins

A

blood reservoir due to high capacitance

  • thin wall and irregular lumen
  • valves
  • low muscle in tunica media
  • tunica adventitia broadest
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19
Q

what are large veins

A
  • no valves
  • no IEL
  • no EEL
  • high collagen in prominent tunica adventitia prevents over distension
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20
Q

arteries VS veins

A
  • high pressure VS low pressure
  • pressure reservoir VS blood reservoir
  • 100% blood capacity VS 30-70%
  • no valves VS valves
  • more muscle in media VS less muscle in media
  • thinner adventitia VS thicker adventitia
  • small lumen, thick wall VS large lumen, thin wall
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21
Q

what are capillaries

A

smallest vessels > site of exchange

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22
Q

what is the wall structure of capillaries

A

endothelium, basal lamina, pericytes

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23
Q

endothelial cells in capillaries

A
  • thin to maximise exchange
  • intercellular tight junctions
  • pinocytotic vesicles (transport across endothelium)
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24
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

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25
describe continuous capillaries
no gaps between endothelial cells > slower exchange but more selective
26
describe fenestrated capillaries
interruptions in endothelium > extensive exchange b/w blood and tissue but w some limitations on particle size faster exchange but less selective
27
describe sinusoidal capillaries
- larger diameter - incomplete endothelium > large fenestrations maximum exchange b/w blood and tissues
28
what is the function of blood
transport O2 and nutrients to tissues, remove waste products from tissues
29
what are the components of blood (and their functions)
- plasma (contains water for circulatory volume and medium for dissolved solutes, contains electrolytes for volume and pH regulation) - RBC (carry O2) - WBC (lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrohils, eosinophils, basophils > immune responses - platelets (haemostasis)
30
outline the process of haematopoiesis
derived from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells 1 - reduced O2 carrying capacity (to kidney) 2 - erythropoietin release into blood by kidneys > stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow 3 - new erythrocytes increase O2 carrying capacity of blood 4 - relieves initial stimulus triggered by erythropoietin secretion
31
outline the process of haemostasis
formation of platelet plug 1 - platelet adhere to + activated by exposed collagen at site of injury 2 - activated platelets release ADP and thromboxane 3 - these chemical activate more passing platelets (positive feedback loop as it enhances) 4 - newly activated platelets pile on and release more chemicals 5 - uninjured endothelium releases NO and prostacyclin > inhibit platelet aggregation > platelet plug confined to site of injury clot dissolution tPA acts on plasminogen to form plasmin which results in a fibrin cleavage ie clot dissolution
32
Where is the heart
In the thoracic cavity, inferior to the sternal angle, posterior to the sternum
33
Shape of the heart
‘Inverted cone’
34
Size of the heart
2nd to 5th intercostal spaces on the left 3rd to 6th intercostal spaces on the right
35
Functions of the heart
Right heart = receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it towards the lungs Left heart = receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the tissues in the body
36
What are the 4 chambers of the heart
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
37
What does the right atrium consist of
Auricle / pectinate muscles / IVC / SVC / fossa ovalis / interatrial septum
38
What does the right ventricle consist of
Tricuspid valve / pulmonary valve / papillary muscles / interventricular septum
39
What does the left atrium consist of
4 pulmonary veins / left auricle / floor oval fossa
40
What does the left ventricle consist of
Ventricular walls / bicuspid valve / aortic valve / papillary muscles
41
What are the 3 surfaces of the heart
Diaphragmatic, pulmonary, sternocostal
42
Left coronary artery
Arises from left side of aorta Branches into the left anterior descending artery and circumflex LAD supplies blood to the front and bulk of the left ventricle Circumflex supplies left atrium and back of left ventricle
43
Right coronary artery
Arises from the right side of the aorta Supplies right atrium, right ventricle, bottom portion of left ventricle Posterior descending artery supplies the back of the heart
44
What happens after blood is supplied to the heart
Blood drains into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium
45
What are the 3 walls of the heart
Endocardium / myocardium / epicardium ie visceral pericardium
46
What are the two types of valves
AV (atrioventricular) which are leaflets SL (semilunar) which are cusps
47
Describe the structure of the endocardium
- in contact with blood as it is the innermost wall - has subendothelial CT (collagen and elastin) - can contain purkinje fibres
48
Describe the structure of the myocardium
- thick middle layer - cardiac muscle - vascular CT b/w muscle fibres - abundant blood capillaries (due to high high high demand for O2)
49
Describe the structure of epicardium
- aka visceral pericardium - outermost layer in contact with the pericardial cavity - has mesothelium > lubricates for smooth contractions - underlying CT (adipocytes, nerves, coronary vessels)
50
Describe the structure of the pericardium sac
- separated from the heart by the pericardial cavity - keeps the heart in place and prevents overexpansion - mesothelium covers surface facing pericardial cavity - fibrous CT
51
Describe the structure of the heart valves
- dense CT core (fibrosa) - either side of the core = endothelium
52
What are the features of the conduction system of the heart
SA node, AV node, bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibres
53
How does the conduction system of the heart work
SA node has the ability to generate 60-100APs/min (due to pacemaker cells), meaning that before the others (ie AV node, bundle of his etc) can generate their own APs, they are already activated by the APs from SA node
54
Where is SA node
Right atrium
55
Where is AV node
Right atrium
56
Where is bundle of his
Next to the tricuspid valve in the right atrium
57
Where is bundle branches
Interventricular septum
58
Where is purkinje fibres
Runs subendocardial
59
AP in pacemaker cells
- slow entry of Na+ > depolarisation - Ca2+ transient channels open > depolarisation - Ca2+ L type channels open > depolarisation - > AP - K+ channels open > hyperpolarised
60
How does AP of SA node work
- depolarise SA node - SA node
61
What is MAP an indication
How well perfused the periphery of the tissue are ie is there sufficient blood going to the organs (1/3 x PP) + diastolic
62
What is pulse pressure indicative of
Valuable info abt arterial health, cardiac function, and cardiovascular risk
63
What affects blood flow
Resistance in the vessels Pressure in the vessels Cardiac output
64
What affects resistance in the vessels
Length and diameter of vessel Compliance of the vessel Blood viscosity

FOM sem 1 (10 decks)

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