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FOM sem 1 > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure of elastic arteries

A
  • large diameter
  • thick wall
  • close to heart (e.g aorta and pulmonary artery)
  • tunica media has high elastin content in numerous concentric elastic laminae, , which can stretch and recoil to propel blood
  • vasa vasorum for O2 and nutrient supply
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2
Q

what is the function of elastic arteries

A

conducting (ie they stretch in response to pulses to propel blood)

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3
Q

what is the structure of muscular arteries

A
  • tunica media has more smooth muscle (for vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
  • vasa vasorum in dense CT of tunica adventitia
  • further from heart (e.g radial, femoral, brachial arteries)
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4
Q

what is the function of muscular arteries

A

distributing (ie they draw blood from the elastic arteries and branch into resistance vessels)

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5
Q

what is the function of venous valves

A

they prevent back flow by opposing and collapsing > unidirectional flow of blood

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6
Q

describe lymphatic vessels

A
  • they start blind
  • lymph drains into lymph nodes > transported back to heart
  • have valves
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7
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

pulmonary and systemic

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8
Q

what drives blood flow

A

pressure

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9
Q

what components does the systemic circulatory system consist of

A

aorta, muscular arteries, small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, medium veins, large veins, IVC + SVC

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10
Q

what is the general wall plan of a blood vessel

A

tunica intima / tunica media / tunica adventitia

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11
Q

function of arteries

A

deliver blood from heart to tissue

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12
Q

function of veins

A

return blood from tissues to heart

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13
Q

tunica intima

A
  • innermost
  • endothelium (simple squamous epithelium, antithrombogenic)
  • basement membrane
  • CT
  • IEL
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14
Q

tunica media

A
  • middle layer (thickest in arteries)
  • smooth muscle > luminal diameter
  • elastic lamellae
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15
Q

tunica adventitia

A
  • outermost (thickest in veins)
  • fibrous CT (abundant collagen)
  • EEL
  • smooth muscle IN VEINS
  • vasa vasorum (O2 supply and nutrients)
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16
Q

what are arterioles

A

resistance vessels

  • thick wall relative to luminal diameter
  • tunica media = most prominent > varies vessel diameter > regulates blood flow through capillaries
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17
Q

what are venules

A

collect blood from capillaries

  • tunica intima reduced to only endothelium
  • thin tunica media
  • small venules have pericytes which are contractile cells that regulate blood flow through microvasculature
  • large venules have smooth muscle and CT
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18
Q

what are medium veins

A

blood reservoir due to high capacitance

  • thin wall and irregular lumen
  • valves
  • low muscle in tunica media
  • tunica adventitia broadest
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19
Q

what are large veins

A
  • no valves
  • no IEL
  • no EEL
  • high collagen in prominent tunica adventitia prevents over distension
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20
Q

arteries VS veins

A
  • high pressure VS low pressure
  • pressure reservoir VS blood reservoir
  • 100% blood capacity VS 30-70%
  • no valves VS valves
  • more muscle in media VS less muscle in media
  • thinner adventitia VS thicker adventitia
  • small lumen, thick wall VS large lumen, thin wall
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21
Q

what are capillaries

A

smallest vessels > site of exchange

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22
Q

what is the wall structure of capillaries

A

endothelium, basal lamina, pericytes

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23
Q

endothelial cells in capillaries

A
  • thin to maximise exchange
  • intercellular tight junctions
  • pinocytotic vesicles (transport across endothelium)
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24
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

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25
Q

describe continuous capillaries

A

no gaps between endothelial cells > slower exchange but more selective

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26
Q

describe fenestrated capillaries

A

interruptions in endothelium > extensive exchange b/w blood and tissue but w some limitations on particle size

faster exchange but less selective

27
Q

describe sinusoidal capillaries

A
  • larger diameter
  • incomplete endothelium > large fenestrations

maximum exchange b/w blood and tissues

28
Q

what is the function of blood

A

transport O2 and nutrients to tissues, remove waste products from tissues

29
Q

what are the components of blood (and their functions)

A
  • plasma (contains water for circulatory volume and medium for dissolved solutes, contains electrolytes for volume and pH regulation)
  • RBC (carry O2)
  • WBC (lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrohils, eosinophils, basophils > immune responses
  • platelets (haemostasis)
30
Q

outline the process of haematopoiesis

A

derived from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

1 - reduced O2 carrying capacity (to kidney)
2 - erythropoietin release into blood by kidneys > stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow
3 - new erythrocytes increase O2 carrying capacity of blood
4 - relieves initial stimulus triggered by erythropoietin secretion

31
Q

outline the process of haemostasis

A

formation of platelet plug

1 - platelet adhere to + activated by exposed collagen at site of injury
2 - activated platelets release ADP and thromboxane
3 - these chemical activate more passing platelets (positive feedback loop as it enhances)
4 - newly activated platelets pile on and release more chemicals
5 - uninjured endothelium releases NO and prostacyclin > inhibit platelet aggregation > platelet plug confined to site of injury

clot dissolution

tPA acts on plasminogen to form plasmin which results in a fibrin cleavage ie clot dissolution

32
Q

Where is the heart

A

In the thoracic cavity, inferior to the sternal angle, posterior to the sternum

33
Q

Shape of the heart

A

‘Inverted cone’

34
Q

Size of the heart

A

2nd to 5th intercostal spaces on the left
3rd to 6th intercostal spaces on the right

35
Q

Functions of the heart

A

Right heart = receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it towards the lungs
Left heart = receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the tissues in the body

36
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

37
Q

What does the right atrium consist of

A

Auricle / pectinate muscles / IVC / SVC / fossa ovalis / interatrial septum

38
Q

What does the right ventricle consist of

A

Tricuspid valve / pulmonary valve / papillary muscles / interventricular septum

39
Q

What does the left atrium consist of

A

4 pulmonary veins / left auricle / floor oval fossa

40
Q

What does the left ventricle consist of

A

Ventricular walls / bicuspid valve / aortic valve / papillary muscles

41
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the heart

A

Diaphragmatic, pulmonary, sternocostal

42
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Arises from left side of aorta
Branches into the left anterior descending artery and circumflex
LAD supplies blood to the front and bulk of the left ventricle
Circumflex supplies left atrium and back of left ventricle

43
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Arises from the right side of the aorta
Supplies right atrium, right ventricle, bottom portion of left ventricle
Posterior descending artery supplies the back of the heart

44
Q

What happens after blood is supplied to the heart

A

Blood drains into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium

45
Q

What are the 3 walls of the heart

A

Endocardium / myocardium / epicardium ie visceral pericardium

46
Q

What are the two types of valves

A

AV (atrioventricular) which are leaflets
SL (semilunar) which are cusps

47
Q

Describe the structure of the endocardium

A
  • in contact with blood as it is the innermost wall
  • has subendothelial CT (collagen and elastin)
  • can contain purkinje fibres
48
Q

Describe the structure of the myocardium

A
  • thick middle layer
  • cardiac muscle
  • vascular CT b/w muscle fibres
  • abundant blood capillaries (due to high high high demand for O2)
49
Q

Describe the structure of epicardium

A
  • aka visceral pericardium
  • outermost layer in contact with the pericardial cavity
  • has mesothelium > lubricates for smooth contractions
  • underlying CT (adipocytes, nerves, coronary vessels)
50
Q

Describe the structure of the pericardium sac

A
  • separated from the heart by the pericardial cavity
  • keeps the heart in place and prevents overexpansion
  • mesothelium covers surface facing pericardial cavity
  • fibrous CT
51
Q

Describe the structure of the heart valves

A
  • dense CT core (fibrosa)
  • either side of the core = endothelium
52
Q

What are the features of the conduction system of the heart

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibres

53
Q

How does the conduction system of the heart work

A

SA node has the ability to generate 60-100APs/min (due to pacemaker cells), meaning that before the others (ie AV node, bundle of his etc) can generate their own APs, they are already activated by the APs from SA node

54
Q

Where is SA node

A

Right atrium

55
Q

Where is AV node

A

Right atrium

56
Q

Where is bundle of his

A

Next to the tricuspid valve in the right atrium

57
Q

Where is bundle branches

A

Interventricular septum

58
Q

Where is purkinje fibres

A

Runs subendocardial

59
Q

AP in pacemaker cells

A
  • slow entry of Na+ > depolarisation
  • Ca2+ transient channels open > depolarisation
  • Ca2+ L type channels open > depolarisation
  • > AP
  • K+ channels open > hyperpolarised
60
Q

How does AP of SA node work

A
  • depolarise SA node
  • SA node
61
Q

What is MAP an indication

A

How well perfused the periphery of the tissue are ie is there sufficient blood going to the organs

(1/3 x PP) + diastolic

62
Q

What is pulse pressure indicative of

A

Valuable info abt arterial health, cardiac function, and cardiovascular risk

63
Q

What affects blood flow

A

Resistance in the vessels
Pressure in the vessels
Cardiac output

64
Q

What affects resistance in the vessels

A

Length and diameter of vessel
Compliance of the vessel
Blood viscosity

FOM sem 1 (10 decks)

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