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Biology 101 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

The central nervous system includes

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes

A

the nerves between the central nervous system and receptors or effectors

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system is separated into (organisation)

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous

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4
Q

The peripheral somatic nervous system is responsible for

A

Voluntary actions ( motor / sensory to/from skeletal muscles

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5
Q

The peripheral autonomic nervous system is responsible for

A

involuntary action ( motor neurones to internal organs)

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6
Q

The autonomic nervous system has the …. and the ….. systems

A

parasympathetic and the sympathetic

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7
Q

The nervous system that controls organs at rest

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

The nervous system that controls organs in stress

A

sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

Compare the pathway/ organisation of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems

A

In the parasympathetic nervous system the pathways begin in the brain or at the bottom or top of the spinal cord. The neurones keep going till right inside the organ where they synapse with a motor neurone. in the sympathetic nervous system, the cell bodies of its motor neurones are in the ganglia outside the spinal cord. From these ganglia sympathetic motor axons pass to all organs of the body and synapse with muscles

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10
Q

The transmitter that is usually liberated at the sympathetic and parasympathetic synapses

A

sympathetic noradrenaline. parasympathetic acetylcholine.

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11
Q

The transmitter at the parasympathetic synapse

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

The transmitter at the sympathetic synapses

A

Usually noradrenaline. for the stimulation of the sweat glands, hair erector muscles and some blood vessels acetylcholine

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13
Q

organs both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ends in

A

salivary glands /heart/ bronchi/ bladder/ genitals

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14
Q

sympathetic endings that are not shared

A

pupils/ liver/ adrenaline glands (kidney)/ stomach small intestine

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15
Q

parasympathetic endings that are not shared

A

eye/ pancreas/ stomach pyloric sphincter/ large intestine / anal sphincter

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16
Q

The function of the SNS vs PNS

A

SNS flight or fight / PNS rest and digest

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17
Q

What happens to pupils during fight or flight

A

(sympathetic) capillary set wider and pupils dilates gets wider

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18
Q

what happens to pupils in different intensity of light

A

capillaries get narrower and pupils contract and gets smaller

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19
Q

what muscle is responsible for the pupils contractions (change in diameter)

A

the sphincter muscles which are the radical na the circular muscle

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20
Q

the dark space in the eye

A

the pupil

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21
Q

the coloured part of the eye that contain the radical and circular muscles

A

the iris

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22
Q

The contraction of the radical muscles causes the pupils to ?

A

widens

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23
Q

The cases where the SNS stimulate the radical muscles to contracts and widens the pupils

A

Dim light/ fear/ excitement

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24
Q

in the case of bright light what happens to the eyes

A

the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the circular muscles to contract narrowing the pupils

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25
Q

define reflexes

A

They are fast automatic protective biological control systems that link a stimulus to a response

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26
Q

why are reflexes involuntary

A

this is bc the central nervous system sends electrical signals to the muscles be4 the brain can pick up the message

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27
Q

many reflexes are occur naturally however some are learned

A

conditioned responses

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28
Q

What are receptors?

A

They are specialised cells that can detect stimulus

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29
Q

information gathered by the receptors is sent to the central nervous system by

A

sensory neurones

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30
Q

After receiving the info from the sensory neurone, the CNS

A

makes decisions

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31
Q

The nerve cells in the central nervous system are called

A

relay neurones

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32
Q

The CNS sends its decision to an effector via

A

a motor neurone

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33
Q

Effectors are

A

muscles and glands

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34
Q

Reflexes are fast because:

A

impulses occur because of diffusion over a short distance/ the axons of the neurones are myelinated/ there is 1 or 2 synapses to slow down the response/ the neurones are long with no breaks so little resistance

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35
Q

what are neurones?

A

They are specialised cells that conduct electrical impulses through the body

36
Q

what is a nerve

A

a nerve is many nerve fibres enclosed within a protective sheath. nerve fibres are the axons of neurones

37
Q

Thin projections that connect the neurone with other neurones

A

dendrites

38
Q

The myelin sheath is a

A

lipid

39
Q

Neurones consist of …. and …

A

cell body and an axon

40
Q

sensory neurones transmit massages from… to….

A

receptor cells to the central nervous system

41
Q

Characteristics of relay neurones

A
  • they do not have a myelin sheath, so impulses are slower in them/ they make the grey matter in the cns
42
Q

Motor neurones transmit messages from… to…

A

the central nervous system to the effectors (muscle or glands)

43
Q

specialised cells that from myelin over the axons

A

Schwann cells

44
Q

The exposed part of the axon is called

A

Node of Ranvier

45
Q

What is resting potential

A

it is the readiness state of the neurone to conduct impulses where there’s an imbalance of the ions distribution creating an electrochemical gradient between the inside and the outside of the neurone

46
Q

resting potential is made by

A

active transport and facilitated diffusion

47
Q

The value of the resting potential is around

A

-70mV

48
Q

The two stages of the action potential are

A

depolarisation and repolarisation

49
Q

During depolarisation the inside of the cell will become

A

positive

50
Q

For depolarisation to happen…. has to be overcome

A

the threshold of -50mv

51
Q

According to All or none principle, the action potential is generated only if

A

the threshold of -50mV was overcome

52
Q

….. are rapid depolarisations of the membrane

A

impulses

53
Q

the time between an action potential and the next ( the delay between the action potentials)

A

the refractory period

54
Q

impulses can only travel in one direction due to

A

the refractory period

55
Q

The difference between impulses/ action potentials is detected by

A

their frequencies along a neurone

56
Q

The speed of an impulse

A

8m/s

57
Q

Absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period

A

NA+ channels are inactive no chance of an action potential no matter how strong the stimuli are/ the membrane is healing some NA+ channels re opened an. However, the threshold is greater than the normal

58
Q

Depolarisation occur at

A

the nodes of Ranvier

59
Q

non-myelinated neurones

A

Relay neurones

60
Q

Describe the way the action potential jumps from one nose of Ranvier to the next

A

Saltatory conduction

61
Q

A junction between two neurones across which signals pass

A

Synapse

62
Q

a narrow 20nm gap between two neurones

A

synaptic cleft

63
Q

An action potential can not cross the synaptic cleft, so nerve impulses are carried by chemicals called

A

neurotransmitters

64
Q

Pre-synaptic neurone=
post-synaptic neurone=

A

neurone sending impulse
neurone receiving impulse

65
Q

Neurotransmitter is made by…… neurone and is stored in….. at the end of the axon

A

pre-synaptic neurone
synaptic vesicles

66
Q

The membrane of the post-synaptic neurone has chemical-gated ion channels called

A

neuroreceptors

67
Q

Neuroreceptors on the post-synaptic neurone are….. gated

A

Chemical gated

68
Q

How is an action potential transmitted through a synapse?

A

The action potential arrives at the axon terminal/ the voltage gated channels are triggered, so the open allowing the ca ions in the pre-synaptic neurone/ the ca ions trigger the neurotransmitter vesicles to release the neurotransmitter through exocytosis into the synaptic clefts/ The neurotransmitter binds to the neuroreceptors on the post-synaptic neurone/ an action potential is initiated

69
Q

Synapses that have acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter are called…..

A

Cholinergic synapses

70
Q

What happens at a cholinergic synapse?

A

The action potential arrives at the axon terminal/ Ca ion voltage gated channels open/ Ca ions get into the pre-synaptic neurone/ neurotransmitter vesicles with acetylcholine move towards the neurone membrane and acetylcholine is released through exocytosis/ acetylcholine diffuses through the synaptic cleft and binds with the specific neuroreceptors on the post-synaptic neurone. Sodium ion voltage gated channels open/ if the stimulus is strong enough an action potential is triggered/ acetylcholine is broken down into choline and ethanoic acid/ these products diffuse back to the pre-synaptic neurone where acetylcholine is resynthesises using ATP

71
Q

In excitatory synapses an……. is created due to the inflow of sodium ions that will make the membrane more….. to signals

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential- receptive

72
Q

In inhibitory synapses an…. is created due to the inflow of …… making the neurone…..

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential- potassium and chloride ions- hyperpolarised

73
Q

The three synapses an the state of the membrane hyper or de polarised

A

cholinergic and excitatory depolarised
inhibitory hyperplarised

74
Q

The drugs with the effect of switching on a synapse, they have to

A

mimic, stimulate, open and inhibit
mimic the neurotransmitter
stimulate the release of the neurotransmitter
open the neuroreceptor channels
inhibit the breakdwown enzymes

75
Q

The drugs with the effect of switching off the synapses

A

they block the neuroreceptors

76
Q

drugs with the effect of stopping the action potential

A

inhibit the Na+K+AtPase pump
Block the Na+ or K+ channels

77
Q

The effect of nicotine

A

(mimic) nicotine binds to acetylcholine receptors and opens the channel for Na+ ions

78
Q

The effect of atropine

A

(block the neuroreceptors) atropine binds to acetylcholine receptors and block them, so it will not allow for the sodium channels to open

79
Q

The importance or function of synapses

A

Allow information to pass from one neurone to another/ help ensure that a nerve impulse travels in one direction/ allow the next neurone to be excited or inhibited/ can amplify a signal/ protect nerve networks by not firing when over stimulated/ can filter out low stimuli/ aid information processing by the action of summation / are modifiable and can form a physical basis for memory

80
Q

what the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation

A

spatial summation: summation for two or more impulses arriving down different neurones at the same time
temporal summation: summation of two or more imposes one after the other rapidly down the same neurone

81
Q

a neuromuscular junction is between

A

a motor neurone and the sarcolemma( the membrane of the postsynaptic muscle cell)

82
Q

The….. of sarcolemma leads to the contraction of the muscle

A

depolarisation

83
Q

a hormone is produced from….

A

endocrine glands

84
Q

hormones are transported in…..

A

the blood

85
Q

hormones can affect

A

only target cells

86
Q

The effects of hormones are…… lasting

A

medium to long lasting

87
Q
A

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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